since時間從句的謂語形式和意義
導語:since意爲自···以來,下面YJBYS小編講解since時間從句的謂語形式和意義 ,歡迎參考!
首先請看題目:
— What was the party like?
— Wonderful. It’s years ________ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
正確選項爲 D。意爲:“你覺得這次聚會怎麼樣?” “棒極了,我好多年都沒有這麼痛痛快快地玩了。”這裏的It’s years since I enjoyed myself so much = I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years. 爲什麼 “enjoy” 的意義在這裏變成了否定的呢?
這是因爲enjoy是持續性動詞。當持續性動詞用在since時間從句中時,其意義不同於非持續性動詞。
一、在 since 時間從句中用非持續性動詞時,時間的計算應從該動作發生之時開始;若是用持續性動詞,時間的計算則應從該動作結束之時開始。例如:
① I haven’t seen him since he left Wuhan. 自從他離開武漢以來,我一直沒見過他。(這裏的left爲非持續性動詞,時間的計算應從left的動作發生之時開始。)
② I haven’t seen him since he lived in Wuhan. 自從他不住在武漢以來,我一直沒見過他。(這裏的lived爲持續性動詞,時間的'計算應從lived的動作結束之時開始。)
以上的句①和句②的意思基本相同。句②since從句中的謂語lived的意義是否定的,而習慣上又不能將其改爲 didn’t live。又如:
She has stayed at her uncle’s since she was ill. 她自病癒以來就一直住在她叔叔家裏。(這裏was ill是持續性的“狀態”,用在since從句中同樣表示這種“狀態”的結束,也就是“不生病”或“病癒了”)
二、任何語法都不是絕對的,例外情況總是存在的。
1. 有時候,since從句中的持續性動詞同樣可以表示動作或狀態延續到現在,時間的起點可以從動作或狀態的發生之時開始,但通常在since之前加上 “ever” 以加強since的語意。如:
I’ve known her ever since I was a child. 我自孩提時代起就認識她了。
I haven’t been to the cinema ever since I owned the TV set. 自從我擁有了這臺電視機,我就沒有去電影院看過電影。
注:since從句中如果用非持續性動詞,即使用ever來加強語義,也絕不意味從句中動作有什麼持續性。如:
My granny has been catnapping ever since the film began. 自電影一開始,我奶奶就一直在打瞌睡。
2. 若將since從句中持續性的謂語改爲完成時態來加強語意,同樣也可使持續性動作或狀態延續到現在,但在since從句中用完成時態並不是很常見。如:
He has been looking for a job since he has been laid off. 自從他下崗以來就一直在找工作。
I haven’t heard from him since he has lived abroad. 自從他在國外居住以來我一直沒有收到他的來信。
三、在“It is + 時間 + since-從句” 的結構中,情況則不一樣。它表示從過去某一時刻起到現在(說話時刻)爲止的一段持續時間的總和,從句中通常都用一般過去時,但無論用持續性還是非持續性動詞都表示動作或狀態的完成,時間的起點應該是在動作或狀態完成的那一刻開始算起。例如:
① It is six years since I joined the Party. 我入黨已經有六年了。
② It is six years since I was in Beijing. 我不在(離開)北京已經有六年了。
在句②中,無論在 since 從句前加 ever 還是在從句中用 have been 都無法表達“我已經在北京呆了六年”的意思。又如:
It is about five years since my father (has) smoked. 我父親不吸菸已經約五年了。
(= It is about five years since my father gave up smoking.)
所以,本文開頭的那道大學聯考題“It’s years since I enjoyed myself so much.” 應譯爲“我好多年都沒有這麼痛痛快快地玩了。”這樣才與上下文邏輯上一致。
四、但是,如需要 since 從句表示某一持續性的動作或狀態從發生之時起一直延續到現在的時刻,則可將 since 改爲 that,並且謂語必須用完成時態。試比較:
① It is about seven years since we (have) lived in the countryside. 我們約7年不住在鄉下了。
② It is about seven years that we have lived in the countryside. 我們住在鄉下約有7年了。
= We have lived in the countryside (for) about seven years.
其實,句②就是一個“It is + time + that”所構成的強調句型。
注意:強調句中的謂語絕不可用非持續性動詞的肯定式,但可用其否定式。因爲否定式表示該動作沒有發生,是一種狀況,這種狀況是可以持續的。比較:
(正)① It is three weeks that he hasn’t come here.
(正)② He hasn’t come here for three weeks.
(誤)③ It is three weeks that he has come here.
(誤)④ He has come here for three weeks.
(但句若④理解成“他到這兒來了,打算呆三個星期”則是正確,那麼 for three weeks 作“目的狀語”而非“時間狀語”了。)
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