英語專業四級考試複習鞏固試題精選2017
遊手好閒的學習並不比學習遊手好閒好。以下是小編爲大家搜索整理的英語專業四級考試複習鞏固試題精選2017,希望對正在關注的您有所幫助!更多精彩內容請及時關注我們應屆畢業生考試網!
A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.
DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.
The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate.
In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.
re DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects____.
d have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations
d have to submit evidence for their innocence
d easily escape conviction of guilt
be convicted of guilt as well
fingerprinting can be unreliable when ____.
methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurate
different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pattern
C.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals
different individuals leave two DNA samples.
geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method ____.
not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individuals
arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA pattern.
not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics
theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying
attitude of the Federal Bereau of Investigation shows that ____.
gh data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members
gh data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples form the same person can match
gh data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming form the same person
tional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person
onal Academy of Sciences holds the stance that ____.
testing should be systematized
authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing
academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing
academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing
答案:CBABB
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