語法時態的知識點

語法:直接引語變間接引語。

語法時態的知識點

直接引用別人的話叫直接引語,用來轉述別人的話叫間接引語。例:

He said, "He will go to Beijing tomorrow." (直接引語)

He said that he would go to Beijing the next day.

直接引語變間接引語時時態、人稱及一些時間或個別詞都要做相應的改變。

①時態:

一般現在時→一般過去時一般將來時→過去將來時

現在進行時→過去進行時一般過去時→過去完成時

現在完成時→過去完成時

* 但真理性的句子時態不變。例:

He said: "The sun rises in the east."

He said that the sun rises in the east.

他說太陽從東方升起。

②時間:

now→then, last month→the month before.

today→ that day, three days ago→three days before.

tonight→that night, tomorrow→the next day.

yesterday→the day before, the day after tomorrow→in two days.

③其它變化:

this→thatthese→thosehere→there

come→go

句式的改變:

①直接引語是陳述句加"that"可以省去。例:

He said, "My sister was here three days ago."→

He said that his sister had been there three days before.

②直接引語是一般疑問句,變成用if/whether引導的賓語從句,人稱時態等作相應改變。

Mother asked me, "Did you buy any meat for lunch?"→

Mother asked me if/whether I had bought some meat for lunch.

③直接引語是特殊問句,變成由原來疑問詞一樣的連接詞引導的賓語從句,時態人稱等作相應改變。例:

"What do you do?" he asked me.

He asked me what I did.

④直接引語是選擇問句變成由whether或if引導的賓語從句。

"Do you like English or Chinese?" He asked me.

He asked me whether I liked English or Chinese.

語法:被動語態

1.英語動詞有兩種語態:主動語態和被動語態

主動語態表示主語是謂語動詞動作的執行者,被動語態表示主語是謂語動詞動作的承受者。

當我們強調誰是某個動作的執行者,即"誰做了某種事情"時,用主動語態。

eg: Daniel bought a new computer 丹尼爾買了一臺新電腦。(不是別人)

如果主語不是動作的執行者,而是動作的承受者時,就是被動語態。

eg: A new computer was bought by Daniel 一臺新電腦被丹尼爾買了。

被動語態的謂語由be + 動詞的過去分詞構成,其中be是助動詞,隨時態改變。

一般現在時的被動語態由"am / is / are +動詞的過去分詞"構成。

一般過去時的被動語態由"was / were +動詞的過去分詞"構成。

2.被動語態的用法:

當不知道或沒必要說明動作的執行者時,用被動語態。

eg: Rice is grown in South China. 華南種植水稻。(沒必要說明是誰種)

This bridge was built 100 years ago. 這座橋是100年前建的。(不知道誰建的)

Passive voice with 'by'

在被動語態中,如果我們也要把動作的執行者表達出來的話,我們就在被動句子的後面,用 "by+動作的執行者(賓格)"來表示。

e.g. Jack broke the window. (主動語態)

The window was broken by Jack. (被動語態) 窗戶是被傑克打碎的。

Meals are cooked by her mother at home. 在家飯是她母親燒的。

The book was written by him several years ago. 這本書是他幾年前寫的。

3.難點:

1). 當一個含有複合賓語(賓語+賓補)的句子變爲被動語態時, 只能把賓語變爲被動語態的主語,賓補還放在原來的位置。

e.g. We call him Xiao Wang.--- He is called Xiao Wang.

He cut his hair short.--- His hair was cut short.

2). 帶雙賓語的'動詞變爲被動語態時, 常常把間接賓語變爲被動語態的主語;如果直接賓語變爲被動語態的主語時,間接賓語前要加介詞to或 for.

e.g. Someone gave the boy an apple.-- The boy was given an apple.

An apple was given to the boy.

His mother bought a present for him.--- He was bought a present.

A present was bought for him.

3). 在let, hear, watch, see, help, have 等詞的句子中,主動語態不加to, 被動語態要加 to.

e.g. The boss makes us work 12 hours a day.--- We are made to work 12 hours a day.

They heard the children sing that morning.--- The children were heard to sing that morning.

⑤直接引語是祈使句,根據說話語氣變成ask/tell/order warn sb. to do sth.的結構。例:

She said to me, "Stand up."→

She asked me to stand up.

Father said to his son, "Don't play football in the street."→

Father told his son not to play football in the street.

語法:祈使句

表示命令、叮囑等的句子叫祈使句。祈使句省略主語,以動詞原形開頭,常加please表示客氣。常有以下三種結構:

(1)行爲動詞開頭。例:

Sit down, please.(Please sit down.)

Come here.

Go there.

(2)系詞be開頭。

Be careful!

Be silent.

(3)Let開頭。例:

Let's do it at once.

Let him do it.

注:(1)祈使句的否定式在句首加don't。例:

Don't speak in Chinese.別用漢語說。

Don't be here so early.別來這太早。

(2)在祈使句前可以加never或always。

Never climb up too high. It's dangerous.

Always come on time.總是準時。

Always be polite to others.總是對人禮貌。

語法:並列句

由並列連詞but,and,or,so,while等構成的並列句,例:

HehelpsmeandIhelphim。

Hewasill,buthestillworkedon。

Helikescookingwhilehiswifelikestravelling。

語法:條件狀語從句,以if引導。

if在英語中可以構成條件狀語從句,意爲“如果”,也可以構成賓語從句,意爲“是否”。例:

Idon‘tknowifhewillcometomorrow。(賓從)

我不知道他明天是否來。

Ifhecomes,I’llletyouknow。(條從)

如果他來,我讓你知道。

*(1)在if構成的條件狀語從句中,如果主句是將來時,或祈使句或有情態動詞,從句通常用一般現在時。如上面的例句,再如:

Hecanpasstheexamifhestudieshard。

如果他努力學習會通過考試的。

(2)if構成的條件從句可以放於句子前面,也可以放於後面。例:

Ifitrains,Iwon‘tgowithyou。

如果下雨我就不和你去了。

Iwon’tgowithyouifitrains。

語法:比較級和最高級。

構成:單音節詞和大部分雙音節詞變化詞本身。

例:long→longer→longest

(比較級在詞尾加er,最高級在詞尾+est。)

big→bigger→biggest

easy→easier→easiest

多音節詞在原形前+more和most,構成比較級、最高級。例:

beautiful→morebeautiful→mostbeautiful

interesting→moreinteresting→mostinteresting

特殊詞:good/well→better→best

much/many→more→most

ill/bad/badly→worse→worst

little→less→least

用法:兩者比較用比較級,三者、三者以上用最高級。例:

Heistallerthanhisbrother。他比哥哥高。

Heisthetallestinhisfamily。他在家裏最高。

△最高級要有比較範圍,常用in或of短語表示。例:

Heisthefastestofthethree。

三個人中他最快。