新版大學英語綜合教程第二版第四冊第四課課文翻譯

導語：在大學學習英語的時候，對於全新版大學英語綜合教程的內容你瞭如指掌嗎?第四冊第四課課文應該怎麼翻譯呢?下面就讓小編來告訴你答案。

Globalization is sweeping aside national borders and changing relations between nations. What impact does this have on national identities and loyalties? Are they strengthened or weakened? The author investigates.

全球化正在掃除國界、改變國與國之間的關係。這對國家的認同和對國家的忠誠會帶來什麼影響呢?它們會得到加強還是削弱?作者對這些問題進行了探討。

In Search of Davos ManPeter Gumbel

1. William Browder was born in Princeton, New Jersey, grew up in Chicago, and studied at Stanford University in California. But don't call him an American. For the past 16 of his 40 years he has lived outside the U.S., first in London and then, from 1996, in Moscow, where he runs his own investment firm. Browder now manages $1.6 billion in assets. In 1998 he gave up his American passport to become a British citizen, since his life is now centered in Europe. "National identity makes no difference for me," he says. "I feel completely international. If you have four good friends and you like what you are doing, it doesn't matter where you are. That's globalization."

尋找達沃斯人

彼得·甘貝爾

威廉·布勞德出生於新澤西州的普林斯頓，在芝加哥長大，就讀於加利福尼亞州的斯坦福大學。但別叫他美國人。他今年40歲，過去16年來一直生活在美國以外的地方，先是在倫敦，1996年後在莫斯科經營他自己的投資公司。布勞德如今掌管着價值16億美元的資產。1998年，他放棄美國護照，成爲英國公民，因爲他現在的生活中心在歐洲。“國家認同對我來說不重要，”他說，“我覺得自己完全是個國際人。如果你有四個朋友，又喜歡你所做的事情，那麼你在哪兒無關緊要。這就是全球化。”

2. Alex Mandl is also a fervent believer in globalization, but he views himself very differently. A former president of AT&T, Mandl, 61, was born in Austria and now runs a French technology company, which is doing more and more business in China. He reckons he spends about 90% of his time traveling on business. But despite all that globetrotting, Mandl who has been a U.S. citizen for 45 years still identifies himself as an American. "I see myself as American without any hesitation. The fact that I spend a lot of time in other places doesn't change that," he says.

亞歷克斯·曼德爾也是全球化的狂熱信徒，但他對自己的看法與布勞德不同。61歲的曼德爾曾任美國電報電話公司總裁。他出生於奧地利，現在經營着一家法國技術公司，該公司在中國的業務與日俱增。他估計自己幾乎90%的時間都花在出差上。然而，儘管曼德爾全球到處跑，已經做了45年美國公民的他還是認爲自己是個美國人。“我毫不遲疑地把自己當作美國人。我在其他地方度過很多時間，但是這一事實不能改變我是美國人，”他說。

3. Although Browder and Mandl define their nationality differently, both see their identity as a matter of personal choice, not an accident of birth. And not incidentally, both are Davos Men, members of the international business élite who trek each year to the Swiss Alpine town for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, founded in 1971. This week, Browder and Mandl will join more than 2,200 executives, politicians, academics, journalists, writers and a handful of Hollywood stars for five days of networking, parties and endless earnest discussions about everything from post-election Iraq and HIV in Africa to the global supply of oil and the implications of nanotechnology. Yet this year, perhaps more than ever, a hot topic at Davos is Davos itself. Whatever their considerable differences, most Davos Men and Women share at least one belief: that globalization, the unimpeded flows of capital, labor and technology across national borders, is both welcome and unstoppable. They see the world increasingly as one vast, interconnected marketplace in which corporations search for the most advantageous locations to buy, produce and sell their goods and services.

雖然布勞德和曼德爾對各自的國籍界定不同，他們都將國籍視爲個人選擇，而不是由出生地決定的。而且，他倆都是達沃斯人，這可不是巧合。達沃斯人指的是那些每年長途跋涉去瑞士阿爾卑斯山區小城達沃斯參加年度世界經濟論壇——該論壇始於1971年——的國際商業精英們。本週，布勞德和曼德爾將同其他2200餘名企業高管、政界人士、學者、記者、作家和少數幾位好萊塢明星一起，參加爲時五天的交際活動、宴會和沒完沒了的認真的討論。討論話題林林總總，從大選後的伊拉克和非洲的艾滋病病毒到全球的石油供應和納米技術的重大意義。然而今年，或許比以往更甚的是，達沃斯論壇的一個熱門話題就是達沃斯本身。儘管與會男女各不相同，但他們大多數有一個共同信念：全球化，亦即資本、勞動力和技術不受阻礙地跨國界流動，是值得歡迎和不可阻擋的。在他們看來，世界越來越像一個巨大的互相聯繫的市場。在這個市場裏，企業尋求採購、生產及銷售產品和服務的最佳地點。

4. As borders and national identities become less important, some find that threatening and even dangerous. In an essay entitled "Dead Souls: The Denationalization of the American Elite," Harvard Professor Samuel Huntington describes Davos Man (a phrase that first got widespread attention in the 1990s) as an emerging global superspecies and a threat. The members of this class, he writes, are people who "have little need for national loyalty, view national boundaries as obstacles that thankfully are vanishing, and see national governments as residues from the past whose only useful function is to facilitate the élite's global operations." Huntington argues that Davos Man's global-citizen self-image is starkly at odds with the values of most Americans, who remain deeplycommitted to their nation. This disconnect, he says, creates "a major cultural fault line. In a variety of ways, the American establishment, governmental and private, has become increasingly divorced from the American people."

隨着邊界和對國家的認同變得越來越不重要，有些人將此視作威脅，甚至危險。哈佛大學教授塞繆爾·亨廷頓在一篇題爲《死魂靈：美國精英的去國家化》的論文中將達沃斯人(該說法最早在20世紀90年代引起廣泛注意)描寫成爲一個新興的全球超級物種和威脅。他寫道，該階層的成員“不要什麼對國家的忠誠，視國界爲障礙，而萬幸的是這種障礙正在消失，他們還把國家的政府看作是歷史遺留下來的東西，它們唯一的用處就是爲精英們的全球運營提供方便。”亨廷頓提出，達沃斯人以全球公民自居的自我形象，與大多數美國人的價值觀完全相悖。後者依然堅定地忠於他們自己的國家。他說，這種脫節造成了“一個重大的文化斷層。在種種意義上，美國政府和私營企業的當權派們與美國大衆漸行漸遠。”

R T 5. Naturally, many Davos Men don't accept Huntington's terms. Klaus Schwab, the founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, argues that endorsing a global outlook does not mean erasing national identity. "Globalization can never provide us with cultural identity, which needs to be local and national in nature."

許多達沃斯人自然不同意亨廷頓的說法。世界經濟論壇的創始人兼執行主席克勞斯·施瓦布爭辯說，支持全球觀並不意味着抹去對國家的認同。“全球化決無可能給予我們文化認同，因爲後者在本質上必須是本土的、民族的。”

6. Global trade has been around for centuries; the corporations and countries that benefited from it were largely content to treat vast parts of the world as places to mine natural resources or sell finished products. Even as the globalization of capital accelerated in the 1980s, most foreign investment was between relatively wealthy countries, not from wealthy countries into poorer ones. U.S. technology, companies and money were often at the forefront of this movement.

全球貿易已經持續了幾個世紀;過去從中獲益的企業和國家在很大程度上滿足於將世界上的廣大地區視爲自然資源的開採地或成品的銷售地。即便到了20世紀80年代，資本全球化已經加速，大多數外國投資仍在相對富裕的國家之間進行，而不是從富裕國家流向較貧窮國家。美國的技術、企業和資金通常處於這一流動的前沿。

7. However the past two decades have witnessed the rise of other significant players. The developed world is beating a path to China's and India's door — and Chinese and Indian companies, in turn, have started to look overseas for some of their future growth. Beijing has even started what it calls a "Going Out" policy that encourages Chinese firms to buy assets overseas. Asian nations are creating "a remarkable environment of innovation," says John Chambers, chief executive of Cisco Systems. "China and India are graduating currently more than five times the number of engineers that we are here in the U.S." That means that U.S. and European companies are now facing high-quality, low-cost competition from overseas. No wonder so many Western workers worry about losing their jobs. " If the issue is the size of the total pie, globalization has proved a good thing," says Orit Gadiesh, chairman of consultants Bain & Co. "If the issue is how the pie is divided, if you're in the Western world you could question that."

然而，在過去二十年間，另外一些重大參與者出現了。發達國家正在開闢一條通向中國和印度大門的.道路——而中國和印度的公司又將眼光投向海外，尋找未來增長的機會。北京甚至提出了“走出去”的政策，鼓勵中國企業購買海外資產。亞洲各國正在形成“一個創新的卓越環境，”思科系統公司的首席執行官約翰·錢伯斯如是說。“目前中國和印度的工科大學畢業生是我們美國的五倍還多。”這就意味着美國和歐洲的公司現在面臨來自海外的高質量、低成本的競爭。毋怪乎這麼多西方工人擔心失業。“如果問題涉及的是整個蛋糕的大小，那全球化已經被證明是件好事。”貝恩管理諮詢公司的董事長奧裏特·加迪西說，“如果問題在於蛋糕怎麼分，而你又是西方人，那你就會質疑全球化。”

8. The biggest shift may just be starting. A landmark 2003 study by Goldman Sachs predicted that four economies — Russia, Brazil, India and China — will become a much larger force in the world economy than widely expected, based on projections of demographic and economic growth, with China potentially overtaking Germany this decade. By 2050, Goldman Sachs suggested, these four newcomers will likely have displaced all but the U.S. and Japan from the top six economies in the world.

最大的變化也許剛剛開始。高盛集團2003年做的一項意義深遠的研究預測說，根據對各國人口和經濟增長的預計，四大經濟體——俄羅斯、巴西、印度和中國——在世界經濟中的力量將超過普遍預期。中國的經濟實力可能就在這個十年內趕超德國。高盛集團說，到2050年，這四大新經濟體將有可能取代目前世界六個最大經濟體中除了美國和日本之外的四個經濟體。

9. It's also entirely possible that the near future may see the pendulum of capital swing away from Davos Man-style globalization. One counterpoint is Manila Woman — low-paid migrant workers from Asia and elsewhere who are increasingly providing key services around the world. Valerie Gooding, the chief executive of British health care company BUPA, says the British and U.S. health care system would break down without immigrant nurses from the Philippines, India, Nigeria and elsewhere. Unlike Davos Man, she says, they're not ambivalent about being strongly patriotic.

近期資本流動也完全有可能脫離達沃斯人式的全球化的軌跡。與達沃斯人相對的是馬尼拉女人。這些來自亞洲和其他地方的低薪流動勞工正在全球提供越來越多的關鍵服務。英國一家醫療保健公司保柏集團的首席執行官瓦萊麗·戈丁說，要是沒有來自菲律賓、印度、尼日利亞和其他地方的移民護士，英美兩國的醫療保健體系就會崩潰。她說，這些人跟達沃斯人不一樣，他們毫不掩飾自己的強烈愛國情緒。

10. Not all Davos Men seek global markets, either. Patrick Sayer runs a private equity firm in France called Eurazeo, and complains there are still too many barriers to cross-border business in Europe, let alone the world. So he's focused Eurazeo on its domestic market. "I profit from being French in France. It's easier for me to do deals," Sayer says."It's the same elsewhere. If you're not Italian in Italy, you won't succeed."

也不是所有達沃斯人都在追逐全球市場。帕特里克· 塞爾在法國經營一家名爲尤拉吉奧投資集團的私募股權公司。他抱怨說，歐洲跨國界經營中還有太多障礙，更別提全球經營了。所以他的尤拉吉奧投資集團專注於國內市場。“我是法國人，在法國做生意，對我而言要方便得多。”塞爾說。“別處也一樣。如果你不是意大利人，而在意大利做生意，你沒辦法成功。”

11. That may sound like a narrow nationalism, yet it contains a hidden wisdom. Recall that Italy itself was, until 1861, not a unified nation but an aggregation of city-states. Despite tension between its north and south, there's no contradiction between maintaining a regional identity and a national one. Marco Tronchetti Provera, chairman of Telecom Italia, for example, can feel both Milanese and Italian at once, even as he runs a company that is aspiring to become a bigger international presence. The question is whether it will take another 140 years for Davos Man to figure out how to strike the same balance on a global scale.

這聽上去也許像狹隘民族主義，但內中確大有學問。回想一下，在1861年前，意大利還不是一個統一的國家，而是由城邦組成的結合體。儘管意大利南北方之間關係緊張，保持地區認同和國家認同之間並無矛盾。例如，意大利電信公司的董事長馬爾科·特隆切蒂·普羅維拉覺得自己是個米蘭人，同時又是個意大利人，儘管他經營的公司正力圖獲得更大的國際影響力。問題是，達沃斯人是否需要再花上140年，才能搞明白如何在全球規模上取得同樣的平衡。