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The History of Chemistry
Chemistry did not emerge as a science until after the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century and then only rather slowly and laboriously. But chemical knowdedge is as old as history, being almost entirely concerned with the practical arts of living. Cooking is essentially a chemical process; so is the melting of metals and the administration of drugs and poisons. This basic chemical knowledge, which was applied in most cases as a rule of thumb, was nevertheless dependent on previous experiment. It also served to stimulate a fundamental curiosity about the processes themselves. New information was always being gained as artisans improved techniques to gain better results. The development of a scientific approach to chemistry was, however, hampered by several factors. The most serious problem was the vast range of material available and the consequent difficulty of organizing it into some system. In addition, there were social and intellectual difficulites, chemistry is nothing if not practical; those who practice it must use their hands, they must have a certain practical flair. Yet in many ancient civilizations, practical tasks were primarily the province of a slave population. The thinker or philosopher stood apart from this mundane world, where the practical arts appeared to lack any intellectual content or interest. The final problem for early chemical science was the element of secrecy. Experts in specific trades had developed their own techniques and guarded their knowledge to prevent others from stealing their livelihood. Another factor that contributed to secrecy was the esoteric nature of the knowledge of a alchemists, who were trying to transform base metals into gold or were concerned with the hunt for the elixir that would bestow the blessing of eternal life. In one sense, the second of these was the more serious impediment because the records of the chemical processes that early alchemists had discovered were often written down in symbolic language intelligible to very few or in symbols that were purposely obscure.
化學的歷史
化學在17 世紀的科技革命後才成爲一門科學，其發展是緩慢而艱難的。但化學知識卻象人類歷史一樣古老，與人們實際生活密切相關。做飯基本上是一個化學過程。同樣，金屬熔鍊、使用藥品或毒劑也是如此。人們在大多數情況下只是粗糙地運用這些基本化學知識，但這些基本知識的確是來自於前人的實驗。它們同時也激發了人們對化學本身的興趣。 匠人們利用新技術來改良工藝，就增加了對化學的瞭解。但是，化學科學方法的發展卻有許多阻礙的因素。其中最嚴重的問題就是要把浩如煙海的物質歸納爲若干系統確實很困難。此外，還有社會和知識的原因。離開實際用途，化學就毫無價值;研究化學的人必須親自動手，這就要求他們要有很強的動手能力。 但在許多古代文明中，動手的活都是奴隸的行當。思想家與哲學家與此勞碌決不沾邊，因爲在他們看來，實際操作技能低智而乏味。最後，還有一個原因妨礙早期化學的'發展，那就是保密。某個行家一旦發現了新技術，就竭力保密以防被人偷了飯碗。另一個原因加劇了知識封鎖這是因爲煉金術士的知識的神祕性。這些術士們要麼想他便宜的金屬變成黃金，要麼期望找到一種長生不老藥。從某種意義上說，這第二個因素帶來了更嚴重的阻礙，因爲早期術士們的研究成果記載於鮮爲人知的或故意讓人不懂的符號中。
