大部分學生反映指代題看似簡單，但是很容易選錯，遇到模棱兩可的答案情況較多，不知從何下手。再加上時間限制，越簡單的題，反而越容易做錯。下面是yjbys小編爲大家帶來的新託福閱讀指代題的解題方法，歡迎閱讀。
一、考試的特點
我們先看一下託福官方指南對指代題這一題型的描述：These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often the relationships is between pronoun and itsantecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which orthis).
The four answers choices will be words or phrases from the passage. Only one choice is the word to which the highlighted word refers.
總結起來指代題有以下三個特點：
1. 問題除了常規代詞(it/they/them/these)外，還有which, this等語法指代;
Which是定語從句或者非限制定語從句的關係指代詞，此外新託福閱讀真題出現過this + problem/view等非常規語法指代題。
2. 代詞所指必須是前面提到過的詞;
代詞指代在英語裏面可分爲前指和後指，在新託福閱讀考試裏面只考前指，也就是指代前文提到過的事物。
3. 答案可以是詞、短語或者前面談到的一件事情;
新託福閱讀指代題突破我們常規的指代概念，不侷限於指代單個詞，它可以是短語，甚至是完整的一句話。
問題形式：The word “X” in the passage refers to……
二、考試的內容
託福閱讀常考查的代詞包括：they, them, it, this, these, which, others, some, none, this + n等。
首先同學們要掌握這些詞本身的意思，考查的內容雖然是指代，但我們要追溯起源頭，也就是這些代詞本身的意思，這和詞彙題是一個概念，只有知道詞本身的意思，才能在此基礎上推導出來該詞的同義詞。下面我們就逐一分析一下每個代詞本身的意思。
1. They: 他(它)們，複數代詞，注意這個代詞既可以指代有生命的東西，也可以指代無生命的東西。
eg: My father and mother are here. They visit every week.
Take your books, they might be useful.
2. Them: 他(它)們，是they的賓格，所以同樣這個詞即可以指代有生命的東西，也可以指代無生命的東西。
eg: My father and brother are playing basketball, I bought drinks for them.
Where are my shoes? I can’t find them.
3. It: 指代單數名詞，可以指代無生命的東西，也可以指代有生命的東西(指代動物)，一般是特指(the + n); 此外還可以指代前面所說的整件事情。
eg: I pick up the plate and put it on the table.
Where is the mouse? The cat ate it.
He said he can swim across that big river, but I don’t believe it.
4. This: 這個，可以指代前面說的事物(單數可數名詞或者不可數名詞)、動作、過程等，通常是指代離它最近的東西。在託福閱讀裏面通常用作限定詞，形式：this + n
eg: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention.
This根據詞本身的意思，是指離它最近的事物，所以答案是the development of plants that produce seeds
The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.
這題考的是限定詞this + problem, 那麼所指的就是前面提到離這句話最近的問題：The killing of birds of prey…
5. These: 這些, this的複數形式，指代複數名詞，其它用法同this一樣
eg: They carried on their farm operations with mules and they had no surplus of these, seldom more than four.
6. Which:(非限制)定語從句中的關係代詞，指代前面的先行詞，先行詞可以是單個名詞、短語或者一個句子
eg: He has a book which is written by Hemingway.
He likes reading books, which is a good habit.
She said she’d been waiting for an hour, which was true.
7. 不定代詞：託福閱讀常考不定代詞有both, some, other, and none etc. 不定代詞顧名思義就是不指明代替任何特定名詞，用在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語和定語等。
eg: Some of his stories were quite amusing.(主語)
They are both doctors.(表語)
These trousers are wet—I’ll change into my other ones.(定語)
She had none of her mother’s beauty.(賓語)
所以不定代詞在新託福閱讀裏面的指代，要具體看不定代詞在句子中所充當的語法成分。
三、解題方法
做對指代題要考慮三個因素：指代詞本身的意思、句與句之間的語義關係和句子的結構(語法)。指代詞本身意思是基礎，語義關係和句子結構都是以指代詞本身意思爲基礎的，我們已經分析了各類指代詞的意思，所以這裏我們會着重以句子語義和句子結構爲出發點，並把指代詞的意思嵌入到語義和句子結構分析中。
1. 語義關係
語義關係要求所指代詞帶入句子中要符合句子意思。
Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.
The word they in the passage refers to
a. applied-art objects
b. the laws of physics
c. containers
d. the sides of pots
託福指代題的考試特點是必須指代前面提到過的詞，所以可以排除c和d兩個選項。剩下a和b選項代入句子，原文譯爲：因爲物理原理，而不是任意想法，決定了應用藝術品的普遍形式，應用藝術品/物理原理需要遵守基本的模式，這樣它們的功能形式纔不會相差太遠。根據句子意思，應該是應用藝術品需要遵守基本的模式，而不是物理原理，所以我們可以推斷出來答案是a。
It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
The word it in the passage refers to
a. pakicetus
b. fish
c. life
d. ocean
根據句子語義It probably bred and gave birth on land(它可能在陸地上繁殖養育下一代)可以推導出來it是指有生命的動物，所以排除c和d, b選項“魚”是不可能在陸地上繁殖和養育下一代的，所以答案只能是a。
2. 句子結構
大部分同學在做指代題時感覺詞彙太難，很難從語義上去推導出來正確答案，那麼我們可以從句子結構分析入手。
The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.
The word they in the passage refers to
a. qualities
b. fins
c. grooves
d. depressions
They在句子中作主語，so that表遞進，前後主語應該一致，所以答案是b。
表遞進邏輯的關係詞還有such that。
Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives.
The word them in the passage refers to
a. workers
b. political party loyalties
c. disagreements over tactics
d. agents of opportunity
them是they的賓語，they是but引導的轉折句子主語，轉折關係前後主語一致所以they指workers, 進而我們可以推導出來them也指workers, 所以答案是a。
In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.
The word others in the passage refers to
a. chambers
b. paintings
c. beasts
d. parades
根據邏輯關係詞but可以推導出來前後主語一致，那麼others與前面半句話主語some所指代的'內容應該是一樣的。Some指前一句主語beasts, 所以答案是c。
錶轉折邏輯的關係詞：however, yet, while and whereas etc.
Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimesconfuse an already large and complicated picture.
The word these in the passage refers to
a. religious ceremonies
b. descriptions
c. types of ware
d. pots
although表讓步，主從句主語需一致，所以these應與前面主句的主語一致，主句主語是descriptions, 所以答案是b。
表讓步的邏輯關係詞：though, even if/though, despite and in spite of etc.
If all of one’s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if nonewould be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
The word none in the passage refers to
a. food
b. plant or animal
c. energy
d. big body
none在這裏是被動語態主語，那麼也就是主動語態賓語，同樣if引導從句不定代詞賓語應與主句賓語一致，主句賓語是energy, 所以答案是c。
表條件的邏輯關係詞：if, when and unless etc.
Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal’s daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock’s period close to that of Earth’s rotation.
The word it in the passage refers to
a. an external cue such as sunrise
b. the daily rhythm of an animal
c. the local solar day
d. a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours.
Because引導原因狀語從句，前後邏輯主語應該一致，所以it指前面主語an external cue, 所以答案是a。
表原因的邏輯關係詞：because, because of, therefore, so, hence, thus and since etc.
四、總結
有些情況我們需要結合這三種因素來綜合考慮指代題。
In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them.
The word them in the passage refers to
a. emotions
b. people
c. photographs
d. cultures
them是they的賓格，它指代的是賓語，而且是複數的。在句子中做賓語的有b和c選項，那麼代進去，符合語義的只有c, 譯爲：然後他讓來自世界各地的人指出照片上的人所呈現出來的情感。
通過以上分析我們可以知道，有的指代題可以從語義上去分析，有的指代題可以以句子結構爲出發點，無論是哪種方法都是以代詞本身的意思爲基礎的，此外，每一種方法都有各自的優點。在做題時，同學們要善於把這三種方法結合起來使用，以達到在最短時間內做對此類題型。
