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A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement(新拓居地)spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental,system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and ral work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor,while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish labourers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of visitors came there for the great e were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.
The railroad was very important in encouraging Westward Movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.
major problems with America's railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in _______.
A. lack of financial support for development
B. poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems
C. limited railroad lines
D. lack of a transcontinental railroad
答案B.從第二句話開始寫道：早期的火車是不實用的新奇玩意兒，很長一段時間鐵路公司都遇到了麻煩的機械問題。最嚴重的是建造能承重的鐵軌和開發安全有效的剎車系統。一旦這些解決了，鐵路就成爲陸上運輸的最佳方式。由此可知，正確答案爲B.
building of the first transcontinental system ________.
A. brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west.
B. attracted many visitors to the construction sites
C. attracted labourers from Europe
D. encouraged people to travel all over the country
答案A.第二段的大致內容是：隨着第一個橫跨大陸鐵路線的修建，鐵路建設達到了高峯。西起California，東至Nebraska修建了一條橫跨大陸的鐵路線。1869年這條鐵路線在Utah會合。第三段寫道：這條鐵路線在西進運動中起了很重要的作用。通過運送原材料和快速發送物品到遙遠的市場，它促進了西部工農業的發展。所以正確答案是A.
best title for this passage would be ________.
A. Settlements Spread Westward
B. The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy
C. American Railroad History
D. The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link
答案D.第一段寫道：當新拓居地向西進發的時候，一種快速的長途交通工具對美國來說成爲必要。以下講述了早期火車和鐵路存在的問題。一旦這些問題解決之後，鐵路就成爲最好的陸上運輸工具。到1860年美國已擁有幾千裏的鐵路。第二段主要講述第一個跨大陸鐵路系統的修建。最後一段講述這條鐵路線對促進美國政治和經濟所起的重要作用。綜上所述，可知本篇第一段是引言段;第二段是發展段;第三段是結論段。根據第三段裏的結論，不難選出本題的正確答案D.
construction of the transcontinental railroad took ________.
A. 3 years
B. 7 years
C. 4 years
D. 9 years
答案A.從第二段得知，1862年國會授權二個鐵路公司修建跨大陸鐵路。這個工程實際上是在四年之後才真正動工的，也就是在1866年才動工。1869年這條鐵路會合。由此可知，正確答案是A項。
most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?
A. The possibility of government support for such a task.
B. The need to explore Utah.
C. The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.
D. The need to connect the east coast with the west.
答案D.從第二段得知，國會授權二個鐵路公司修一條跨大陸鐵路線，東起Nebraska向西修築，西起California向東修築，最後到達一個會合點，以此可以穿越大陸，把大西洋海岸和太平洋海岸連接起來。由此可知，修築這條鐵路是爲了把東海岸和西海岸連接起來。所以，正確答案是D項。
Human needs seem endless. When a hungry man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when a manager gets a new sports car, a big house and pleasure boats dance into view.
The many needs of mankind might be regarded as making up several levels. When there is money enough to satisfy one level of needs, another level appears.
The first and most basic level of needs involves food. Once this level is satisfied, the second level of needs, clothing and some sort of shelter, appears. By the end of World War II, these needs were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. Then a third level appeared. It included such items as automobiles and new houses.
By 1957 or 1958 this third level of needs was fairly well satisfied. Then, in the late 1950s, a fourth level of needs appeared: the "life enriching" level. While the other levels involve physical satisfaction, that is, the feeding, comfort, safety, and transportation, this level stresses mental needs for recognition, achievement, and happiness. It includes a variety of goods and services, many of which could be called "luxury" items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical and dental care, and recreation. Also included here are fancy goods and the latest styles in clothing.
On the fourth level, a lot of money is spent on services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of needs as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?
A fifth level would probably involve needs that can be achieved best by community action. Consumers may be spending more on taxes to pay for government action against disease, ignorance, crim, and prejudice. After filling our stomachs, our clothes closets, our garages, our teeth, and our minds, we now may seek to ensure the health, safety, and leisure to enjoy more fully the good things on the first four levels.
6. According to the passage, man will begin to think about such needs as housing and clothing only when ______.
A. he has saved up enough money
B. he has grown dissatisfied with his simple shelter
C. he has satisfied his hunger
D. he has learned to build houses
[答案]C
【精析】本題答案對應於第一、三段。文章的第一段提到一個人有了吃的就會想到再要件衣服，第三段又說最基本的需求是食物，這個層次的需求得到滿足後人就會考慮服裝和住的地方。綜合判斷，所以選C，即他不再飢餓後就會產生對住處和衣服的需求。
7. It can be inferred from the passage that by the end of World War Ⅱ, most Americans ______.
A. were very rich
B. lived in poverty
C. had the good things on the first three levels
D. did not own automobiles
[答案]D
【精析】文章第三段中說第二次世界大戰結束時，對於大多數美國人來說，食品、服裝以及住所的需求都滿足了，然後第三個層次的需求，包括汽車和新房子便出現了。這說明第二次世界大戰結束時大多數美國人還沒有汽車。A“很富有”，意思不明。B“生活在貧困中”，不符合文意。C“滿足了前三個層次的需求”，也不正確，因爲這時第三個層次的需求才剛剛出現。
8. Which of the following is NOT related to "physical satisfaction"?
A. A successful career.
B. A comfortable home.
C. A good meal.
D. A family car.
[答案]A
【精析】本題答案對應於文章的第四段，第四段第三行說physical satisfaction包括食物、生活舒適、有安全感、有交通工具，在B、C、D中都有體現。故選A.
9. What is the main concern of man on the fourth level?
A. The more goods the better.
B. The more mental satisfaction the better.
C. The more "luxury" items the better.
D. The more earnings the better.
[答案]B
【精析】本題答案對應文章第四段，其中第四行this level，也就是第四個層次的需求強調的是精神需求，所以選B.
10. The author tends to think that the fifth level ______.
A. would be little better than the fourth level
B. may be a lot more desirable than the first four
C. can be the last and most satisfying level
D. will become attainable before the government takes actions
[答案]B
【精析】本題考查考生對作者意思的'整體把握。先看A“比第四個層次要好一些”，意思含糊。C“是最終的、最令人滿意的需求層次”，太絕對。D“在政府採取行動之前就能實現”，不合文意。文章說第五個層次的需求要通過集體行動實現，即人們付錢給政府，讓其對抗疾病、愚昧、犯罪與不公。可見這要在政府採取行動後實現。而B的意思是“比前四個層次的需求更值得擁有”，這是正確的。
A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading. It is remarkable first for what it contains: the range of news from local crime to international politics, from sports to business to fashion to science, and the range of comment and special features(特寫)as well, from editorial page to feature article and interviews to criticism of books, art, theater, and music. A newspaper is even more remarkable for the way one reads it: never completely, never straight through, but always by jumping from here to there, in and out, glancing at one piece, reading another article all the way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the next. A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers, but far more than any one reader is interested in. What bring this variety together in one place is its topicality(時事性), its immediate relation to what is happening in your world and your locality now. But immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it mean also that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than transient(短暫的)value. For all these reasons, no two people really read the same paper: what each person does is to put together out of the pages of that day’s paper, his own selection and sequence, his own newspaper. For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and self-awareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.
11. A modern paper is remarkable for all the following expect its ______.
A. wide coverage
B. uniform style
C. speed in reporting news
D. popularity
[答案]B
【精析】文中第一段第二句話“It is remarkable first for what it contains: the range of news from local crime to international politics, from sports to business to fashion to science, and the range of comment and special features(特寫)as well, from editorial page to feature article and interviews to criticism of books, art, theater, and music.提到的是A項的內容，即wide coverage;第四句話A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers…吻合了popularity的特點;第五句……its topicality揭示了其speed in…(C項)的特點，只有B項文中未體現。”故選擇B.
12. According to the passage, the reasons why no two people really read the "same" newspaper is that ______.
A. people scan for the news they are interested in
B. different people prefer different newspaper
C. people are rarely interested in the same thing of news
D. people have different views about what a good newspaper is
[答案]A
【精析】根據文中倒數第二句"For all these reasons, no two people really read the sam paper"
13. It can be concluded from the passage that newspaper readers ______.
A. apply reading techniques skillfully
B. jump from one newspaper to another
C. appreciate the variety of a newspaper
D. usually read a newspaper selectively
[答案]D
【精析】根據文中第三句"never completely, never straight through, but always by jumping from here to there, in and out, glancing at one piece, reading another article all the way through, reading just a few paragraphs of the next"，可知讀者讀報紙時都是很有選擇性的。故選D.
14. A good newspaper offers “a variety” to readers because ______.
A. it tries to serve different readers
B. it has to cover things that happen in a certain locality
C. readers are difficult to please
D. readers like to read different newspapers
[答案]A
【精析】根據文中"A good modern newspaper offers a variety to attract many different readers, but far more than any one reader is interested in"，故選A.
15. The best title for this passage would be ______.
A. The Importance of Newspaper Topicality
B. The Characteristics of a good Newspaper
C. The Variety of a Good Newspaper
D. Some Suggestion on How to Read a Newspaper
[答案]B
【精析】根據文章中心句，即開頭第一句A good modern newspaper is an extraordinary piece of reading可得出B是正確答案。
