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【商務英語中級考試閱讀材料：污染嚴重】
一項全球污染研究昨日發現，中國、印度和俄羅斯名列全球污染最嚴重地區之首。
China, India and Russia top the list of the world’s most polluted places, a study of global pollution yesterday found.
在全球十大污染最嚴重的地區中，上述三個國家各佔兩個，而另外四個地區分別位於祕魯、烏克蘭、贊比亞和阿塞拜疆。
The three countries are each home to two of the world’s top 10 polluted sites, while the others are in Peru, Ukraine, Zambia and Azerbaijan.
臨汾和天津分別因空氣質量糟糕和金屬工業，成爲中國污染最嚴重的城市。Sukinda和Vapi由於採礦業和一般工業，名列印度污染最嚴重地區榜首。金屬冶煉中心諾里爾斯克和武器製造基地捷爾任斯克，是俄羅斯污染最嚴重的地區。
Linfen and Tianjin are the worst polluted places in China because of poor air quality and the metal industry respectively. Sukinda and Vapi are the worst in India, the former because of mining and the latter from general industry. Norilsk, where metals are extracted, and Dzerzhinsk, home to weapons manufacture, are Russia’s most polluted locations.
鐵匠研究所(Blacksmith Institute)發佈了有關全球30個污染最嚴重地區的報告。該組織表示，不太可能將十大污染地區進行排序，因爲每個地區的污染形式不同，而且在其地理和人口方面也存在很大差別。
The Blacksmith Institute, which produced the report on the “dirty 30” most polluted places on the planet, said it was not possible to rank the top 10 in order because of the different forms of pollution in each place and because they differed widely in their geography and population.
鐵匠研究所全球業務主管大衛?漢拉漢(David Hanrahan)表示：“這30個污染城市都對人類健康造成很大毒害。”
“All sites in the dirty 30 are very toxic and dangerous to human health,” said David Hanrahan, director of global operations at Blacksmith.
該研究所所長理查德?富勒(Richard Fuller)稱：“事實上，這些污染地區的兒童正罹患疾病，(有些人)生命垂危，而目前還沒有解決這些問題的先進科學。”
Richard Fuller, director of the institute, said: “The fact of the matter is that children are sick and dying in these polluted places and it’s not rocket science to fix them.”
報告發現，在30個污染最嚴重地區中，採礦業是污染最主要的原因，而金屬冶煉、石化及其它工業也是污染的原因。
Mining was found to be the most frequent cause of pollution in the dirty 30 but metals extraction, petrochemicals and other industries were also to blame.
空氣污染最嚴重地區分別是中國的臨汾、蘭州和烏魯木齊，俄羅斯的馬格尼託哥爾斯克，以及墨西哥城。
The worst places for air pollution were Linfen, Lanzhou and Urumqi in China, Magnitogorsk in Russia and Mexico City.
肯尼亞的丹羅拉垃圾場也榜上有名，成爲城市垃圾污染最嚴重的地區。
The Dandora dump in Kenya made it on to the list for being the worst site polluted by urban waste.
烏克蘭切爾諾貝利的核污染殘留物使該地區進入十大污染城市之列，吉爾吉斯斯坦的梅魯蘇地區也因其核場所而上榜。
Chernobyl’s legacy of nuclear contamination put the region in the top 10, and Mailuu-Suu in Kyrgyzstan was also judged one of the worst polluted for its nuclear site.
【商務英語中級考試閱讀材料：快樂可以遺傳】
You can’t buy happiness but it looks like you can at least inherit it, British and Australian researchers said.
A study of nearly 1000 pairs of identical and non-identical twins found genes control half the personality traits that make people happy while factors such as relationships, health and careers are responsible for the rest of our well-being.
"We found that around half the differences in happiness were genetic," said Tim Bates, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh who led the study. "It is really quite surprising."
The researchers asked the volunteers – ranging in age from 25 to 75 – a series of questions about their personality, how much they worried and how satisfied they were with their lives.
Because identical twins share the same genes and fraternal twins do not, the researchers could identify common genes that result in certain personality traits and predispose people to happiness.
People who are sociable, active, stable, hardworking and conscientious tend to be happier, the researchers reported in the journal Psychological Science.
"What this study showed was that the identical twins in a family were very similar in personality and in well-being, and by contrast, the fraternal twins were only around half as similar," Bates said. "That strongly implicates genes."
The findings are an important piece of the puzzle for researchers trying to better understand depression and what makes different people happy or unhappy, Bates said.
People with positive inherited personality traits may, in effect, also have a reserve of happiness to draw on in stressful times, he said.
"An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing, calm and reliable provide a resource, we called it ’affective reserve,’ that drives future happiness" Bates said.
快樂買不到，但英國和澳大利亞的研究人員稱，快樂至少可以遺傳得到。
一項對近千對同卵及異卵雙胞胎開展的研究發現，在快樂的'性格特徵中，有一半是由基因控制的，而另一部分則受到人際關係、健康、職業等因素的影響。
研究負責人、愛丁堡大學的蒂姆•貝茨說：“我們發現，研究對象在快樂方面的差異約有一半受到遺傳基因的影響。這個結果實在令人驚訝。”
研究人員向年齡在25歲至75歲之間的志願者提出了一系列問題，問題涉及他們的性格特點、焦慮程度以及對目前生活的滿意度。
由於同卵雙生的雙胞胎基因完全相同，而異卵雙胞胎不完全相同，所以研究人員可以分辨出決定某些性格特徵及使人容易快樂的共同基因。
研究報告在《心理科學》期刊上發表。研究人員指出，善於交際、活潑、踏實、勤奮、有責任心的人更加快樂。
貝茨說：“該研究表明，同卵雙胞胎的性格特徵和快樂程度十分相似，然而，異卵雙胞胎僅有約50%的相似度。這充分說明了基因的作用。”
貝茨說，研究人員一直在努力尋找有關“人爲什麼會鬱悶”的更爲合理的解釋及影響不同的人快樂與否的因素，這一發現無疑爲這一難題提供了一個重要解釋。
他說，具有積極遺傳性格特徵的人實際上同時擁有一種“快樂儲備”，供他們在鬱悶的時候“支取”。
貝茨說：“這說明了很重要的一點，外向、冷靜和可靠的性格特點能形成一種“情感儲備”，爲將來的快樂提供保障。”
