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Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change
At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industries, such as mining, farming and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy.
It has been recognized for decades that ants -- which are highly sensitive to ecological change --can provide a near-perfect barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance,will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees.46 And still others willmove in and take up residence.
By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how"stressed" the land is.47 Ants are used simply because they are so common and comprise so many species.
Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recolonize the stripped land more quickly than others.48 Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland.
Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations." We found it worked extremely well there." says Jonathan Majer, a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it: "That's the great thing about ants."
Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accept their results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting.49
Why not? Because many companies can't afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists.50
A. This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery.
B. Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren't used widely.
C. Employing those people are expensive.
D. They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys.
E. The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem.
F. Others will die out for lack of food.
答案與解析
46.F。空格前講的是隻有某些物種將在沒有樹的森林裏存活;空格後講仍有其他物種將會遷入並佔據住地。空白處的前後談論的都是物種在沒有樹的森林裏生存的情況，且都使用了將來時“will”，所以空格處也應談及物種在森林裏生存的情況，且時態也應該使用將來時。所有選項中只有F使用的是將來時態，且語義上也比較接近，故正確答案爲F(其他的將會因爲缺少食物而死亡)。從語法來看，空格前面的句子有certain species，空格後面的句子有still others，這一定是英語中的“some/certain…others…still others”的固定結構，也不難得出答案爲F。
【備考助手】時態的一致性以及固定搭配等都是很好的判斷依據。
47.D。空格前講的是科學家通過觀察哪個物種在沒有樹的森林裏生活來決定該區域所承受的“壓力”，空白處後談論的是使用螞蟻僅僅因爲它們很常見而且包含了很多物種，由此可知空白處談論的是科學家利用螞蟻這個物種進行觀察，所以本題答案爲選項D(他們通過將螞蟻分類、計算他們的數量和與早期研究作比較而做出決定)。其中“doing this”中的“this”是指前面句子中的scientists can determine how“stressed”the land is。
48.A。空格前一句提到，在礦區生態恢復過程中，一些種類的螞蟻就比其他種類的螞蟻更快遷回到該片原先荒廢的區域;空格後提到澳大利亞的一家礦業公司Capricorn Coal Management就成功使用針對螞蟻的調查而測算出土地復原的速度，因而空格處談論的.還是螞蟻和土地復原的話題。因而，選項A(這使得科學家能夠測算出生態恢復的速度和進程)與前後銜接緊密，符合題意。其中，選項A中的ecological recovery與前面一句中的recolonize相呼應，也提示選項A的句子是前面句子的後續句。
49.B。空格前一句談論的是全世界很多政府利用針對螞蟻的調查來評估開礦和種樹對環境的影響，所以空格處談論的還是針對螞蟻調查的使用情況，故選B(但是在其他行業中，諸如農耕和房地產開發中，螞蟻的調查使用得並不廣泛)，其中空格前一句和選項B中的ant survey是詞語的復現。
50.C。空格前的句子提到很多公司負擔不起這種調查，成本主要源於研究螞蟻專家的稀缺，所以空格處談論的還是螞蟻專家和調查成本的事情，所以選項C(僱用那些人的成本是非常昂貴的)爲正確答案，其中選項C中的“those”指的是前一句中的specialists。
