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Political Spins
Last week, US White House spokesman Tony Snow sent journalists digging for their
dictionaries. He called recent criticism by the former President Bill Clinton "chutzpah" ( 大膽放肆).
With just. one sentence, Snow managed to make headlines, a joke and a defense of President George W. Bush. Interestingly, this is how battles are fought and won in US politics--with carefully-worded one-liners ( 一行自幕新聞 ) made for TV which often lack substance and clarity (清晰度) .
"The amount of information that candidates attempt to communicate to people is actually getting smaller and smaller," said Mark Smith, a political science professor at Cedarville University.
This has been accompanied by a changing media environment, Smith said. In 1968, the average TV or radio soundbite (演講中的句子或短語) was 48 seconds, according to Smith. In 1996, the average soundbite had shrunk to 8 seconds. Thus, politicians wanting publicity try to make their public communication as quotable as possible.
Campaigning politicians also use 30-second TV ads and clever campaign slogans to boost their messages. Republican presidential candidate John McCain rides to campaign stops in a bus named the "Straight Talk Express". McCain hopes the name will convince voters he plans to tell people the truth--whether it's in fashion or not. Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton,on the other hand, has chosen the campaign slogan "Let the conversation begin". She hopes it will help her appear open-minded and friendly.
But one-liners, TV ads and campaign slogans all have a single key ingredient: something commonly called political "spin". Brooks Jackson, a former journalist and the current director of the non-partisan (無黨派的) website FactCheck. org, calls spin "just a polite word for deception ( 欺騙) "
"I do believe that very often politicians believe their own spin," said Jackson. Strong partisans suffer from a universal human tendency: They ignore the evidence that would force them into the uncomfortable position of having to change their minds and admit that they were wrong.
h statement is NOT true of one-liners?
A. They are unclear.
B. They contain a lot of information.
C. They lack substance.
D. They are carefully constructed.
changed from 1968 to 1996?
A. Publicity.
B. Information.
C. Communication.
D. The average soundbite.
campaign slogan "Straight Talk Express" aims at convincing voters that the presidential candidate is_____.
A. honest.
B. friendly.
C. open-minded.
D. warm-hearted.
rding to Brooks Jackson, all campaign slogans are
A. attractive.
B. impressive.
C. deceptive.
D. informative.
h statement best describes strong partisans?
A. They are very funny.
B. They are very healthy.
C. They are very aggressive.
D. They are very stubbom (頑固的 ).
答案與解析：
1.B。細節題。題幹：下列關於one-liner的說法哪一項是不對的?利用題幹關鍵詞one-liners可以定位到第一段的最後一句。lack substance and clarity和A、C完全相同，carefully-worded符合D(carefully constructed)，所以和原文內容不符的只有B。
2.D。細節題。題幹：什麼在1968年到l996年發生了變化?利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到第二段。這段的後半部分比較了l968年和l996年這兩年soundbite(錄音片斷)的長度，平均長度從48秒縮短爲8秒。所以D是正確答案。
3.A。細節題。題幹：競選口號“Straight Talk Express”旨在使投票者相信總統候選人是__________。利用題幹關鍵詞可以定位到文章的第三段中間，說McCain選擇了這個口號。他希望這個名字能使選民們相信他打算對人們說真話(help to tell people the truth)，說真話也就是honest這個形容詞所表達的意思。
4.C。細節題：根據Brooks Jackson的觀點，所有的競選口號都是__________。利用關鍵詞可以定位到文章的.第四段，說了Brooks Jackson對競選口號的看法。該段的第一句話說所有的競選口號都有一個共同點，即spin，下面一句話給出了Brooks Jackson對spin的解釋，即just a polite word for deception(不過就是對欺騙的禮貌說法而已)。
5.D。細節題。題幹：下列哪種說法最好地描述了strong partisans?利用題幹關鍵詞strong partisans定位到本文的最後一段。這些strong partisans無視那些迫使他們陷入不得不改變想法、承認錯誤的尷尬境地的證據。也就是說這些人是極不願意改變自己的觀點或立場的，所以說他們是十分頑固的(stubborn)。
