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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards， from warm praise to cold cash， affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists，who study the relation between actions and their consequences，argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive(認識派的) researchers，who study various aspects of mental life，maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters， __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children，suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness，according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task， they show the most creativity，”says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__ achievement ends uPwith uninspired students，Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and __9__ failing grades.
In early grades，the use of so-called token economies，in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards， shows __10__ in raising efforts and creativity，the Delaware psychologist claims.
A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid
E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve M)challenging N)restore O)excellent
參考答案：1. L2. I3. F4. J5. G6. M7. C8. H9. N10. B
part 2Personality is, to a large extent, inherent—A-type parents, usually bring about A-type children. But the environment must also have a 11 effect, wince if competition is important to the parents it is likely to become a major 12 in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools 13 the " win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current 14 for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being 15 keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying; "cheers, we conquer!"
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the extreme 16 on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to 17 on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat 18 , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither 19 nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to 20 a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
A. enough B. fit asis tical
E. innumerable F. concentrate t tionable
I. profound J. factor tance
M. passion N. emotion
參考答案
II. I 12. J 13. G 14. M 15. K 16. C 17. F 18. H 19. D 20. B 21. D 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. A 30. C
