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“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”
習題
example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
2. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
3. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[D] which normal cells can’t turn off
4. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
[A] dead
[B] ever-present
[C] inactive
[D] potential
全文翻譯
“我有極大的信心相信到這個十年期結束時我們將會詳盡地知曉癌細胞的生成原因，”一位癌症專家和微生物學家羅伯特•溫伯格說道。“但是，”他告誡說，“有些人認爲一旦人們弄清了病因，治療方法很快就會跟上。例如法國細菌學家巴斯德，他發現了許多傳染病的成因，但治療方法卻在五六十年後才問世。”
今年，91萬癌症患者中有一半將至少再活5年。國家癌症研究所估計，到2000年存活率將升至75%。現在對於一些皮膚癌來說，5年期的存活率高達90%，但其他類型癌症的存活數據卻仍令人沮喪——肺癌13%，胰腺癌2%。
癌症種類現有多達120多種，發現其規律實屬不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的進展。當時他們發現致癌基因，即那些可以引起癌症的基因，在正常細胞中是不活動的。從宇宙射線到輻射到日常飲食，任何東西都有可能激活處於沉寂狀態中的致癌基因，但是如何激活不爲人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活，而細胞無力排除，它們就演變成了癌細胞。
導致癌變的確切機制仍然是個謎，但是許多癌症始於基因這一可能性表明我們將永遠不能預防所有癌症。“變化是進化過程中的一個正常部分，”腫瘤專家威廉•海沃德說道。環境因素永遠無法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那樣：“我們無法準備出一種抗宇宙射線的藥。”
治癌前景雖然遙遠，但卻越來越明朗了。
“首先，我們需要了解正常細胞如何控制其本身。其次，我們必須查明細胞中是否有一定數量的基因總是造成至少部分麻煩的原因。如果我們能弄清癌症的原理，我們就能採取相應的措施。”
重點句
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
該句意義：
該句雖然簡短，但是其將轉折語氣以插入語的結構進行了表達。在考研寫作中，我們可以完全參照寫出相應的句子。比如：The prospect for eliminating pollution, though still distant, is brighter. 消除污染的前景儘管遙遠，但是已經更加明朗了。
習題答案
答案DDBC
example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__.
1.文章以Pasteur爲例的目的`是___________。
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[A] 預言十年內癌症的祕密將會被徹底揭開
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[B] 說明癌症治癒前景值得樂觀
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[C] 證明五六十年後癌症將被治癒
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
[D] 提醒人們徹底戰勝癌症的道路還很長
author implies that by the year 2000, __.
2.作者暗示，到2000年______。
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[A] 皮膚癌患者的五年存活率會急劇增長
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[B] 如今90%的皮膚癌患者仍然健在
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[C] 各種癌症患者的存活機率基本一致
[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
[D] 不是所有癌症患者的存活率都將急劇上升
genes are cancer-causing genes__.
3.致癌基因_________。
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[A] 總活動在健康人體中
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[B] 只要不被激活，就保持無害
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[C] 能夠從健康細胞中被趕走
[D] which normal cells can’ t turn off
[D] 其作用不能被健康細胞阻止
word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__.
4.單詞dormant在第三段中的大意是___________。
[A] dead
[A] 死亡
[B] ever-present
[B] 無處無時不在的
[C] inactive
[C] 不活躍的
[D] potential
[D] 潛在的，可能的
