21世紀大學英語讀寫教程第二冊史蒂芬霍金的簡史

導語：史蒂芬霍金21歲時患有肌肉萎縮性側索硬化症全身癱瘓，不能言語，手部唯獨只有三根手指可以活動，但他卻是英國劍橋大學著名物理學家，不僅是現代最偉大的物理學家之一，還是20世紀享有國際盛譽的偉人之一。下面是一篇關於史蒂芬霍金的英文簡史，歡迎大家閱讀。

　　First Listening

re you listen to the tape have a quick look at the paragraph below. It's similar to what you'll hear on the tape, but there are some differences. As you listen the first time, underline the sections of the paragraph that are different from what you hear on the tape. Don't worry yet about what the exact differences are-just underline where they appear.

Steven Hawking, the world-famous scientist and author, lost his ability to speak in 1985. Already confined to a wheelchair, unable to move more than a few muscles, he lost his voice and this meant he could communicate only by raising his eyebrows. Then an American computer programmer came to Hawking's rescue by designing a vocalizing computer specially for him. With its help. Hawking can construct sentences at a speed of about 15 words per minute, by selecting words from his computer screen and then clicking on a device that vocalizes the sentences for him. Hawking jokes about the computer: "The only trouble is that it gives me an American accent."

　　Second Listening

2. What else do you know about Steven Hawking and his book A Brief History of Time? Why is he called "the smartest man in the world"?

A Brief History of Stephen Hawking

He has been proclaimed "the finest mind alive", "the greatest genius of the late 20th century", and "Einstein's heir". Known to millions, far and wide, for his book A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one. His gift for revealing the mysteries of the universe in a style that non-scientists can enjoy made Hawking an instant celebrity and his book a bestseller in both Britain and America. It has earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records for spending 184 weeks in The Sunday Times "top-ten" lists, and has sold more than five million copies worldwide — virtually unheard-of success for a science book.

How did all this happen? How has a man who is almost completely paralysed and unable to speak except through a computer overcome these incredible obstacles and achieved far more than most people ever dream of?

Stephen William Hawking was a healthy baby, born to intellectual, eccentric parents. His father Frank, a doctor specialising in tropical diseases, and his mother Isobel, a doctor's daughter, lived in a big old house full of books. Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age. The family car was a London taxi, bought for ￡50.

Hawking has always been fascinated by his birth date: January 8,1942. It was the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo, the Italian mathematician and astronomer who revolutionised astronomy by maintaining that the Sun is the centre of the Solar System — not the Earth, as ancient astronomers believed.

"Galileo", says Hawking, "was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both figuratively and literally. In a sense, he was responsible for the age of science we now enjoy."

Hawking attended St. Albans School, a private school noted for its high academic standards. He was part of a small elite group, the brightest of the bright students. They hung around together, listened to classical music and read only such "smart" authors as Aldous Huxley and Hawking's hero, Bertrand Russell, at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist.

Hawking spent very little time on maths homework, yet got full marks. A friend recalls: "While I would be struggling away with a complicated problem, he just knew the answer. He didn't have to think about it."

This instinctive insight also impressed his teachers. One of Hawking's science teachers, for example, recalls the time he posed the question: "Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable temperature more quickly if you put the milk in first, or add the milk after pouring?" While the rest of the class struggled over how to even begin approaching the problem, Hawking almost instantly announced the correct answer: "Add the milk after pouring, of course." (The hotter the tea initially, the faster it will cool.) Another teacher relates how Hawking and his friends built a simple computer—and this was in 1958, a time when only large research centres had any computers at all.

Hawking the schoolboy was a typical grind, underweight and awkward and peering through eyeglasses. His grey uniform always looked a mess and he spoke rather unclearly, having inherited a slight lisp from his father. This had nothing to do with early signs of illness; he was just that sort of kid—a figure of classroom fun, respected by his friends, avoided by most.

Hawking went on to study at Oxford, winning a scholarship to read Natural Science, a course which combines mathematics, physics and astronomy, at University College. He found much of the work easy and averaged only one hour's work a day. Once, when his tutor set some physics problems from a textbook, Hawking didn't even bother to do them. Asked why, he spent 20 minutes pointing out errors in the book. His main enthusiasm was the Boat Club. Many times he returned to shore with bits of the boat knocked off, having tried to guide his crew through an impossibly narrow gap. His rowing trainer suspects, "Half the time, he was sitting in the stern with his head in the stars, working out mathematical formulae."

Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, so Hawking fit right in. But then, when he was 21, he was told that he had ALS—a progressive and incurable nerve disease. The doctors predicted that he had only a few years to live.

"Before my condition was diagnosed, I was very bored with life," Hawking says today, speaking from his wheelchair through a computerized voice synthesizer. The doctors' grim prognosis made him determined to get the most from a life he had previously taken for granted.

"But I didn't die," Hawking notes dryly. Instead, as his physical condition worsened, Hawking's reputation in scientific circles grew, as if to demonstrate the theory of mind over matter. Hawking himself acknowledges his disease as being a crucial factor in focusing his attention on what turned out to be his real strength: theoretical research. Hawking specializes in theoretical cosmology, a branch of science that seeks ultimate answers to big questions; Why has the universe happened, and what are the laws that govern it? His main work has been on black holes and the origin and expansion of the universe. He currently holds the Cambridge University professorship once held by Sir Isaac Newton.

The smartest man in the world is not immune to the depression that can accompany severe disabilities. But Hawking says: "I soon realized that the rest of the world won't want to know you if you're bitter or angry. You have to be positive if you're to get much sympathy or help." He goes on: "Nowadays, muscle power is obsolete. What we need is mind power—and disabled people are as good at that as anyone else."

*proclaim

vi. say publicly and officially 宣告，宣佈

*heir

n. 繼承人

best-seller

n. sth. (esp. a book) that sells in very large numbers 暢銷書/貨

top-ten

n. 排行前十名

virtually

ad. almost; very nearly 幾乎;實際上

virtual

a. almost what is stated; in fact though not officially 實質上，實際上(但並非正式的)

*paralyse, -ze

vt. make sb. lose the ability to move part or all of his body, or to feel anything in it 使癱瘓

obstacle

n. sth. that blocks one's way or makes movement, progress, etc. difficult 障礙(物)

*eccentric

a. (of people or their behaviour) unusual; not conventional or normal; slightly odd (人、行爲舉止)異乎尋常的;古怪的，怪僻的

tropical

a. of or found in the tropics 熱帶的;發生於熱帶的

carpet

n. 地毯

wallpaper

n. thick coloured or patterned paper for decorating the walls of a room 牆紙;壁紙

*peel

vi. (of a covering) come off in strips or small pieces 剝落;脫落

vt. (off) remove the outer covering from (a fruit, vegetable, etc.) 削去…的皮;剝去…的殼

n. the outer covering of fruits and vegetables (水果、蔬菜等的)皮

anniversary

n. a day which is an exact year or number of years after sth. has happened; a ceremony, feast, etc., held on this day 週年;週年紀念

mathematician

n. a person who studies mathematics 數學家

astronomer

n. a person who studies astronomy 天文學家

revolutionise, -ize

vt. cause a complete change in 使發生革命性劇變

*astronomy

n. the scientific study of the sun, moon. stars, planets, etc. 天文學

solar

a. 1. of, from or concerning the sun 太陽的;太陽產生的

2. using the sun's light and heat 利用太陽光(或太陽能)的

ancient

a. belonging to times that are long past 古代的;屬於古代的

figuratively

ad. 比喻地;借喻地

*literally

ad. 1. according to the most basic and simple meaning of a word 字面上地;照文字地

2. exactly, really 確實地，真心地，不加誇張地

*elite

a. (Fr) (of people or organizations) considered to be the best of their kind(法)傑出的，卓越的;精銳的

n. a group of the most powerful, rich or talented people 精英階層;實力集團

classical

a. 1. (of music) composed with serious intentions and having lasting value (as opposed to jazz or pop) 古典的;古典樂派的

2. being in accordance with ancient Greek or Roman models in literature or art or with later systems based on them 古典(指古希臘或古羅馬文學、藝術等)的;基於古典文學藝術的

*instinctive

a. (出於)本能的;(出於)天性的

insight

n. deep understanding; the ability to see into the true nature of sth. 洞悉，深入瞭解;洞察力

pose

vt. 1. ask (a question, riddle, etc.) 提出(問題等)

2. create or present (a difficulty, etc.) 造成，引起(困難等)

initially

ad. at first; at the beginning 最初;開始

relate

v. 1. tell (a story) 講述(故事)

2. see or show a connection between 使聯繫，顯示出…與…的聯繫

underweight

a. weighing too little or less than is usual 重量不足

awkward

a. 笨拙的;使人尷尬的

peer

vi. (at, through) look very carefully or hard for not being able to see well 仔細看;費力地看

n. a person of the same age or status as you 同輩;同等地位的人

eyeglasses

n. =glasses 眼鏡

inherit

vt. 1. have features or qualities similar to those of an ancestor 經遺傳而得(性格、特徵)

2. receive (money, property, etc.) as a result of the death of the previous owner 繼承(金錢、遺產等)

lisp

n. 咬舌;口齒不清

crew

n. 1. a rowing team 全體划船隊員

2. all the people working on a ship, an aircraft, etc.(船、飛機等的)全體人員

gap

n. 1. an opening or break between two things 豁口;缺口

2. 峽谷;山口

3. 差距;分歧;隔閡

mathematical

a. of or concerning mathematics 數學(上)的

progressive

a. 1. (of diseases, etc.) becoming increasingly worse in its later stages (疾病等)愈來愈嚴重的`

2. moving forward continuously or by stages 向前進的;循序漸進的

3. favoring or eager for new ideas or changes 進步的;改革的

incurable

a. that cannot be cured 不可救藥的;不能治癒的

nerve

n. 1. any of the threadlike parts of the body which form a system to carry feelings and messages to and from the brain 神經

2. strength or control of mind; courage 意志力;勇氣

predict

v. see or describe (a future happening) in advance as a result of knowledge, experience, reason, etc. 預言，預測

*diagnose

vt. discover the nature of (a disease) 診斷(疾病)

wheelchair

n. 輪椅

synthesizer

n. [電子]合成器;音響合成器

*grim

a. 1. (of a situation, etc.) unpleasant, difficult to accept and worrying 嚴酷的;無情的

2. (of a place) unattractive and depressing in appearance 陰森的，令人生畏的

prognosis

n. 1. (med.) a doctor's opinion of what course a disease will probably take [醫]預後(指根據症狀對疾病結果的預測)

2. a prediction about the future 預測

dryly, drily

ad. 1. according to the rules and without personal warmness or feeling 乾巴巴地;冷冰冰地

2. 乾燥地

worsen

v. (cause to) become worse (使)變得更壞;(使)惡化

demonstrate

vt. 1. prove or make clear by reasoning or examples 論證，證明

2. show the way to do sth. or how sth. works 示範;操作;演示

3. show (one's particular skill, quality or feeling) 顯示，表露

vi. take part in a march or meeting to show one's opposition to sth. or support for it 示威遊行

acknowledge

vt. 1. (as, to be) recognize, accept or admit (as) 承認;接受

2. state that one has received sth. 告知(信件、禮物等的)收到

3. show one's appreciation for, as by giving or saying sth. 對…表示謝忱，答謝

theoretical

a. based on or concerning the ideas and abstract principles of a subject, rather than the practical aspects of it 理論(上)的;純理論的

cosmology

n. the scientific study of the universe and its origin and development 宇宙學

*govern

vt. 1. (often pass.) determine the nature of [常被動]決定;支配

2. rule (a country, a city, etc. and its people) 統治;治理

3. have control or influence over (sth.) 支配;影響

governor

n. a person who controls any of certain types of organization or place 統治者;管轄者;地方長官

expansion

n. 1. the process of becoming greater in size or amount 擴大，擴充;擴張

2. 擴充物;擴展部分

*immune

a. 1. (to) not affected by 不受影響的;可防止的

2. unable to be harmed (by a disease) because of special powers in oneself 免疫的;有免疫力的

depression

n. 1. a feeling of sadness and hopelessness 憂傷，消沉，沮喪

2. a period of reduced business activity and high unemployment 不景氣;蕭條(期)

disability

n. a physical injury or mental illness that severely affects one's life 傷殘，殘疾

sympathy

n. 1. the ability to share the feelings of another 同情心，惻隱心

2. a pity 同情

sympathize, -ise

v. show or feel sympathy (表示)同情

black hole

an area in outer space into which everything near it, including light itself, is pulled [天]黑洞

nowadays

ad. at the present time, in contrast with the past 如今，現在

obsolete

a. no longer used; out of date 已廢棄的;過時的

Phrases and Expressions

far and wide

everywhere; from or over a large area 到處;廣泛地

dream of

wish, fantasize, imagine 夢想;嚮往

specialise in

concentrate one's studies, interests, etc. on (a particular field, etc.) 專門從事;專門研究

in use

being used 在使用着的

fall apart

break into pieces; break up 破碎;崩潰

in a sense

to a certain extent but not entirely 從某種意義上說

be responsible for

be the cause of 是…的原因;對…負責

hang around (with)

spend time in a place or with sb., often without any particular purpose (在某處)閒蕩;(和某人)廝混

at once

at the same time 同時，一起

struggle away with

try very hard to do (sth., though it is very hard) 努力做(某事)，艱難地做(某事)

have nothing to do with

have no relation to or connection with 與…無關

bother to do sth.

trouble oneself to do sth. 費心去做某事

knock off

cause sth. to fall from a place 敲掉;擊倒

work out

find an answer to (sth.); solve (sth.) 想出;得出

have one's share of sth.

have part of sth.; have the amount that is fair for sb. 享有其中一份;享有自己應得的一份

fit (right) in

be (precisely) suitable (to) (正)相合

mind over matter

(sometimes humor) control of events or material objects by the power of the mind 精神戰勝物質

turn out to be

happen to be in the end 最後是;結果是

Stephen William Hawking

斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金(1942—，英國物理學家)

John Gribbin

約翰·格里賓

Guinness Book of Records

《吉尼斯世界紀錄大全》

The Sunday Times

《星期日泰晤士報》

Frank

弗蘭克(男子名)

Isobel

伊澤貝爾(Elizabeth的異體)(女子名)

Galileo

伽利略(1564—1642，意大利數學家、天文學家和物理學家，現代力學和實驗物理學的創始人)

St Albans School

聖奧爾本斯公學

Aldous Huxley

奧爾德斯·赫胥黎(1894—1963，美籍英國作家)

Bertrand Russell

伯特蘭·羅素(1872—1970，英國哲學家、數學家、邏輯學家)

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease [醫]肌萎縮性(脊髓)側索硬化

Newton

牛頓(1642—1727，英國物理學家)