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Overfishing Whales and the Environment
過度捕鯨與環境
Until recently, when scientists studied changes in open-ocean ecosystems, they looked at changes in the bottom of the food chain that gradually make their way to the top, like food shortages and shifts in the ocean environment. A recent study, however, suggests that more attention needs to be given to top-down influences as well.
直到最近，當科學家們在研究遠洋地區生態系統的變化時，他們觀察了處於食物鏈最底層並且在慢慢上升的(生物)變化，比如說食物短缺、海洋環境的變化。然而，最近的一項調查顯示，人們還應該更多的注意(食物鏈)自上而下的影響。
For example, over the past few decades, there's been a major collapse of the populations ofharbor seals, fur seals, sea lions, and sea otters living on the coasts of western Alaska. Now a new study suggests that all this destruction can be traced back to humans overfishing sperm and baleen whales between 1946 and 1979.
比方說，在過去的幾十年裏，生活在阿拉斯加西海岸的斑海豹、海狗、海獅和海獺數量極具下降。現在，一項新的調查顯示，所有的這些毀壞都可以歸咎於人類在1946年到1979年期間過度捕撈抹香鯨和鬚鯨。
Killer whales, who live at the top of the ocean food chain, used to prey on sperm and baleen whales. When these were no longer available, the killer whales were forced to fish farther down the food chain. First they fed on seals, which were the easiest to catch and the most nutritionallyvaluable.
虎鯨是在海洋食物鏈的最高層，它習慣於捕食抹香鯨和鬚鯨。當虎鯨不能再捕食它們的時候，它就被迫捕食處於更下一層的食物鏈(的生物)。她們先捕食的是最容易捕捉且最有營養價值的海豹。
Then, when seals became rare, the killer whales turned to sea lions. When the sea lionpopulation crashed, they started fishing sea otters. The domino effect reaches even farther. Without sea otters keeping sea urchins in check, their population has exploded. And they've destroyed the kelp forests, and with it, the kelp forest ecosystem in southwestern Alaska.
接着，當海豹變得稀少後，虎鯨便轉向了海獅。而又當海獅的數量變少後，虎鯨又開始獵殺海獺了。多米諾效應又繼續延伸。沒了海獺約束海膽，海膽的數量變得龐大起來。並且破壞阿拉斯加啊西南部的海藻林生態系統。
Animals switching food sources can have a very serious effect on the environment. And that we humans, as the ultimate predators, need to give a lot of thought to the choices we make. They may affect the food web in unintended ways.
動物間交換食物來源對環境有着很嚴重的影響。而作爲終極捕食者，人類需要好好思考一下他們所做的選擇。(因爲)這些選擇可能會以人們所不知道的方式來影響食物網。
task 2Do hand sanitizers work any better than soapand water?
洗手液比肥皂水好用嗎?
Yaël: We re-enjoy our hero, the handsome Donne, in the kitchen where he's preparing baked Alaska for his lovely bride.
再看看我們的男主角Donne，不僅擁有帥氣的外表，還會在廚房裏親手爲女朋友做火焰冰淇淋。
Don: Yes, yes. The way to a woman's heart is through her stomach.
嗯，嗯，抓住女人心最好的辦法就是抓住她的胃!
Y: But wat's this? Donne's handling the food without first washing his hands. Isn't he worried about passing on cold germs and other nasty bacteria to the lovely Delina?
但是這又是什麼意思啊?Donne做東西的時候都沒有先洗洗手。難道他不擔心將感冒病毒或是其它有害的細菌傳給他那可愛的Delina?
D: Oh, cut the melodrama. I'm not poison in anyone. You see, ordinary soup and water dry my hands, so I switch to a hand sanitizer. A hand sanitizer contains alcohol, which kills the germs and then evaporates on contact. And it also contains soothing emollients to counter the alcohol's drying effect.
好了，就別再說你那些戲劇之類的東西了，我又不迷戀誰誰誰。你知道的，用普通的肥皂或是水來洗手的話手會變得很乾，所以我改用洗手液了。洗手液中含有酒精，能夠殺死細菌且易揮發。另外，洗手液中還含有舒緩潤膚劑可以一定程度上抵掉酒精的'乾燥作用。
Y: Not the fact, Don. Sure, hand sanitizers kill the germs on your hands–including the residentbacteria that live there, and the transient illness-causing bacteria you pick up off doorknobs. But unless you rinse them off in water, the dirt on your hands isn't affected. It's like sanitizing dishes without first rinsing them off.
事實並不是這樣的，Don。誠然，洗手液能殺死手上的細菌，包括長期寄生菌，以及在門把手等東西上沾上的“臨時”致病細菌。但是你若不將那些細菌洗入水中，你手上的細菌對你根本就毫無影響。這就像是你給碟子消毒卻又不先將碟子沖洗乾淨一樣。
D: Surely you jest.
開玩笑吧你!
Y: What's more, as the alcohol evaporates, it strips your hands of their protective oils and pulls up resident bacteria that live in the deeper layers of your skin, so you may end up with more germs on the surface of your hands than you started with.
還有呢，在酒精揮發的時候會順便將你手上的一層保護油和皮膚深層的寄生菌也帶走，如此一來你手的皮膚表層的細菌可能比用洗手液之前還要多。
D: Oh, no. So what's the neading man to do?
那要怎麼辦啊，總要洗手啊!
Y: Rinserinse and rinse more. While hand sanitizers offer a quick fix, they work best inconjunction with soap and water.
那就洗刷刷，洗刷刷，洗唄。雖然使用洗手液只是權宜之計，但總比用肥皂水洗要好些的。
