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【Compliance or Noncompliance for Children】
Many Scientists believe that socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the outset of it. Accordingly, compliance for education of children is the priority. Motivationally distinct forms of child compliance, mutually positive affect, and maternal control, observed in 3 control contexts in 103 dyads of mothers and their 26-41-month-old children, were examined as correlates of internalization, assessed using observations of children while alone with prohibited temptations and maternal ratings. One form of compliance (committed compliance), when the child appeared committed wholeheartedly to the maternal agenda and eager to endorse and accept it, was emphasized. Mother-child mutually positive affect was both a predictor and a concomitant of committed compliance. Children who shared positive affect with their mothers showed a high level of committed compliance and were also more internalized. Differences and similarities between children's compliance to requests and prohibitions ("Do" vs. "Don't" demand contexts) were also explored. Maternal "Dos" appeared more challenging to toddlers than the "Don't". Some individual coherence of behavior was also found across both demand contexts. The implications of committed compliance for emerging internalized regulators of conduct are discussed.
A number of parents were not easy to be aware of the compliance, some even overlooked their children's noncompliance. Despite good education, these children did not follow the words from their parents on several occasions, especially boys in certain ages. Fortunately, this rate was acceptable, some parents could be patient with the noncompliance. Someone held that noncompliance is probably not a wrong thing. In order to determine the effects of different parental disciplinary techniques on young children's compliance and noncompliance, mothers were trained to observe emotional incidents involving their own toddler-aged children. Reports of disciplinary encounters were analyzed in terms of the types of discipline used (reasoning, verbal prohibition, physical coercion, love withdrawal, and combinations thereof) and children's responses to that discipline (compliance/ noncompliance and avoidance). The relation between compliance/ noncompliance and type of misdeed (harm to persons, harm to property, and lapses of self-control) was also analyzed. Results indicated that love withdrawal combined with other techniques was most effective in securing children's compliance and that its effectiveness was not a function of the type of technique with which it was combined. Avoidant responses and affective reunification with the parent were more likely to follow love withdrawal than any other technique. Physical coercion was somewhat less effective than love withdrawal, while reasoning and verbal prohibition were not at all effective except when both were combined with physical coercion.
"Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say no directly as they were younger, they are easy to deal with the relationship with contemporaries when they are growing up. During the period that children is getting elder, who may learn to use more advanced approaches for their noncompliance. They are more skillful to negotiate or give reasons for refusal rather than show their opposite idea to parents directly," Said Henry Porter, scholar working in Psychology Institute of UK. He indicated that noncompliance means growth in some way, may have benefit for children. Many Experts held different viewpoints in recent years, they tried drilling compliance into children. His collaborator Wallace Freisen believed that Organizing child's daily activities so that they occur in the same order each day as much as possible. This first strategy for defiant children is ultimately the most important. Developing a routine helps a child to know what to expect and increases the chances that he or she will comply with things such as chores, homework, and hygiene requests. When undesirable activities occur in the same order at optimal times during the day, they become habits that are not questioned, but done without thought. Chances are that you have developed some type of routine for yourself in terms of showering, cleaning your house, or doing other types of work. You have an idea in your mind when you will do these things on a regular basis and this helps you to know what to expect. In fact, you have probably already been using most of these compliance strategies for yourself without realizing it. For children, without setting these expectations on a daily basis by making them part of a regular routine, they can become very upset. Just like adults, children think about what they plan to do that day and expect to be able to do what they want. So, when you come along and ask them to do something they weren't already planning to do that day, this can result in automatic refusals and other undesirable defiant behavior. However, by using this compliance strategy with defiant children, these activities are done almost every day in the same general order and the child expects to already do them.
Doctor Steven Walson addressed that organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities. This strategy also works as a positive reinforcer when the child complies with your requests. By arranging your day so that things often refused occur right before highly preferred activities, you are able to eliminate defiant behavior and motivate your child's behavior of doing the undesirable activity. This is not to be presented in a way that the preferred activity is only allowed if a defiant child does the non-preferred activity. However, you can word your request in a way so that your child assumes that you have to do the non-preferred activity before moving on to the next preferred activity. For example, you do not want to say something such as, "If you clean your room we can play a game." Instead word your request like this, "As soon as you are done cleaning your room we will be able to play that really fun game you wanted to play."
Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children to comply with. This is probably a common term you are used to hearing by now. If you praise your child's behavior, he or she will be more likely to do that behavior. So, it is essential to use praise when working with defiant children. It also provides your child with positive attention. However, it is important to know how to praise children in a way that encourages future automatic reinforcement for your child when doing a similar behavior.
Question 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27 The children, especially boys received good education may
A always comply with their parents' words
B be good at math
C have a high score at school
D disobey their parents’ order sometimes
28 Face to their children's compliance and noncompliance, parents
A must be aware of the compliance
B ask for help from their teachers
C some of them may ignore their noncompliance
D pretend not to see
29 According to Henry Porter, noncompliance for children
A are entirely harmful
B may have positive effects
C needs medicine assistance
D should be treated by expert doctor
30 When children are growing up, they
A always try to directly say no
B are more skillful to negotiate
C learn to cheat instead of noncompliance
D tend to keep silent
31 Which is the possible reaction the passage mentioned for elder children and younger ones if they don't want to comply with the order
A elder children prefer to refuse directly
B elder ones refuse to answer
C younger children may reject directly
D younger ones may save any words
Look at the following people and list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 32-35 on your answer
32 Henry Porter
33 Wallace Freisen
34 Steven Walson
35 Paul Edith
List of statements
A children of all ages will indirectly show noncompliance
B elder children tend to negotiate rather than show noncompliance
C converse behavior means noncompliance
D organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities
E organizing child's daily activities in the same order as much as possible
F use praise in order to make children compliant
G take the children to school at an early age
Question 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement is true
NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
36 Socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the prior research subject.
37 Parents' cognition and attitude to their children's compliance or noncompliance are varied.
38 Younger children choose to be noncompliant because it may be simple to get along with the peers in the same age.
39 Experts never tried drilling compliance into children.
40 Psychologist Paul Edith negated the importance that knowing how to praise children in a encouraged way.
篇章結構
兒童的聽從與不聽從
體裁：論說文
結構：(一句話概括每段大意)
A段：對於孩子聽從和不聽從行爲的探討
B段：家長在孩子聽從和不聽從行爲中扮演的角色
C段：英國心理學家對不聽從行爲表示理解以及反對者的觀點
D段：反對者認爲孩子應該聽從的理由
E段：反對者給出如何讓孩子聽從的意見
F段：新的學者提出鼓勵在聽從與不聽從行爲中的作用。
試題分析：
Question 27-40
題目類型：
單選題 (5題) 答案： D C B B C
List of Statement人名配對 (4題) 答案：B E D F
T/F/NG (5題)答案：NG Y Y N N
參考譯文：
許多科學家認爲社會化是一個長期的過程，而聽從正是其開端。相應地，對於孩子的聽從觀念的教育就成爲優先考慮的問題，通過對3個控制組中103對母親和她們26至於4個月的孩子的觀察，激發性的兒童聽從模式和來自母親的控制有相互的正面影響，而這個結果作爲孩子內在化的相關性研究，是通過給與實驗組的孩子禁止性的誘惑和母親對孩子干預的評級來評定的，聽從的模式之一(忠誠性聽從)是指孩子全身心地聽從母親的日程安排，並且很願意去贊同和接受這種安排，母子之間這種正面的相互影響既是一種預示，也是忠城性聽從隨之而來的一種結果。能和母親分享這種良好的正面影響的孩子表現出很高水平的忠誠性聽從，同時也更加願意把想法藏在心底。孩子對於要求的聽從和禁止(“做”與“不做”的要求指示)的差異性和相似性也同時被探究出來。對於蹣跚學步的孩子來說，母親對孩子的“做”的要求指示與“不做”的要求指示相比來說更有挑戰性，而跨越這兩種要求指示的一些個別的`行爲連貫性也被揭示。而忠誠性遵從作爲日益顯露的孩子行爲的內在化的調節指標成爲人們討論的對象。
對於很多家長來說，讓他們意識到聽從這件事並不容易，一些家長甚至忽視孩子的不聽從。即使對於一些接受了良好教育的孩子，他們在很多情況下也不聽父母的話，尤其是到了一定年紀的男孩子。幸運的是，這種情況的比率還是在可接受範圍內的，一些家長對於孩子的這種不聽從還是表現出了耐心。有些人認爲，孩子不聽從大概也不是一件錯的事情。爲了確定不同的家長訓誡方式對小孩子聽從與不聽從的影響，母親往往需要訓練有素，能夠觀察到她們蹣跚學步的孩子感情變化的細節。專家從使用的訓誡方式的類型(包括講道理，口頭禁止，身體的壓制，對孩子的關愛取消和以上幾種方式的組合)以及孩子對這些訓誡方式的反應(聽從或是不聽從還是迴避)來分析這些有關訓誡方式的報告。專家還分析了聽 從與不聽從和不端行爲的類別(包括對別人的傷害，對財務的損壞以及自我控制的失誤)之間的關係。結果顯示，對孩子的關愛取消輔以其他的一些訓誡方式在保證孩子聽從父母意見方面是最有效的，結果還表明這種有效性並不是與關愛取消的訓誡方式組合的其它方式的功能。和其它訓誡方式相比，當父母對孩子取消關愛，孩子往往會對父母的命令產生迴避性的反應，並表現出對父母的情感迴歸，和關愛取消的訓誡方式相比，對孩子身體的壓制沒有那麼有效，與此同時，講道理和口頭禁止也一點不起作用， 除非它們兩個和身體壓制這種方式相結合。
英國心理學研究所的學者Henry Porter曾說道：“不聽話的孩子在他們還小的時候有時喜歡直接說“不”，在成長的過程中，他們容易處理和同齡人的關係問題。而當他們再長大些，他們學會用更高級的方式來表現他們的不聽從。他們會更善於用和父母協商和向他們講出拒絕的理由的方式，而不是直接向他們的父母表達反對的觀點。”他指出， 孩子不聽話某種程度上來講意味着他們在成長，這對他們也許有利。近些年來，許多專家對此持不同的觀點。他們試圖訓練孩子變得聽話。Henry Porter的合作者Wallace Freisen認爲，應該訓練孩子的日常活動，讓他們每天儘可能地有序地完成這些活動。 這是對反抗的孩子最最重要的優先策略。培養孩子的日常規範能夠幫助他知道接下來要做什麼，也能夠加大他或她遵從對於像日常雜務，家庭作業還有衛生這些要求的機會。當一些他們討厭的事情按着同樣的順序在一天中最理想的時間發生，它們就會成爲一種不會被質疑的習慣，並且會不假思索的完成，極有可能你就會給自己養成一個固定的習慣，比如在洗澡，打掃房間或是做其它一些工作。當你養成習慣，在做這些事情的時候，你腦子裏就知道該怎麼做以及接下來會怎樣。事實上，你很可能在沒有意識的情況下采用了這種聽從策略。對於孩子來說，不通過把這些變成一個他們每天生活的慣例，他們很容易就會很不安。就像大人一樣，孩子打算好自己那天要做什麼，也知道能得到自己期望的結果。因此，當你走過來讓他們去做那天沒有計劃做的事情的時候，他們很容易就會自動拒絕或表現出其它反抗的行爲。然而，對於一些反抗的孩子採用這種聽從的策略，當這些事情在他們生活中幾乎都會按同樣的順序出現的時候，每天幾乎都會被完成而且孩子很期待去完成它們。
Seven Walson博士強調，在一些容易被孩子頻繁拒絕的事情後面安棑一些有趣的事是很有必要的。這個方法在孩子很聽從你的要求的情況下依然奏效。通過安排好時間，在孩子很想做的事情前面讓他做他經常拒絕做的事情，會消除孩子的反抗行爲並且會激發孩子願意去做他本來討厭的事情。這並不是說只有反抗的孩子做了不想做的事纔可以做他想做的事。然而你可以通過口頭表達出讓你的孩子知道他必須先做自己不想做的事情，才能繼續接下來做他想做的事情。比方說，不要說類似這樣的話“如果你打掃了房間，你就可以玩會遊戲”，而要把它變成這樣說“你一打掃完房間就可以玩那個你特別想玩的很有意思的遊戲了”。
心理學家Paul Edith堅持認爲，表揚是讓孩子聽從的最佳方式。這可能是你目前爲止聽過的最熟悉不過的普通方式。如果你表揚了你孩子的某個行爲，他/她很可能會重複那個行爲。因此，在對付不聽話的孩子的時候，表揚他們是很有必要的。表揚也會讓你的孩子有一個正面的注意意識。但是把握好怎樣表揚孩子好讓他們做類似的事情的時候能夠自發地去做是至關重要的。
