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The Development of Cities
精讀原文：
Mass transportation revised the social andeconomic fabric of the American city in threefundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion,it sorted out people and land uses, and it acceleratedthe inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residentialexpansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulledsettled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in thepremodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the oldbusiness district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those whocould afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work,shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almostevery major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we nowknow as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residentiallots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas.
Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within themetropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estatedevelopers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years一lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, butvacant,land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature ofresidential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl wasessentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heedto coordinated land use or to future land users.
Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near oroutside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so tocreate demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Realestate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.
【閱讀練習題】
which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
[A] Types of mass transportation.
[B]Instability of urban life.
[C] How supply and demand determine land use.
[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.
does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?
[A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.
{B]To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.
[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.
[D] To contrast their rate of growth.
rding to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?
[A] It was expensive.
[B]It happened too slowly.
[C] It was unplanned.
[D] It created a demand for public transportation.
author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city,
[A] that is large.
[B]that is used as a model for land development.
[C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.
[D] with an excellent mass transportation system.
【答案詳解】
1.D公共交通運輸對城市擴展的影響。文章開門見山提出這一點“公共交通運輸從三個根本方面改變了美國城市的社會和經濟結構。”後面文章內容就是三方面的具體化。
A.公共交通運輸類型。B.城市生活的不穩定性。C.供需如何決定土地利用。這三項文中作爲具體問題提到，並不是文章涉及的主要題目。
2.C說明公共交通改變了許多城市。答案箭第一段第四句“舉例說，1850年，波士頓市界離老的商業地區兒乎不到2英里，到了這世紀末，其半徑擴至10英里。現在供得起的人們可以住得很遠，遠離老的城市中心，仍然來回去那裏上班、購物和娛樂”。第七句，“舉例說，在1890至1920年期問，據記載，芝加哥市界內有約250, 000個新的住宅樓區大多數設在郊區。經過同樣這段時期，市區外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地區內，又計劃建造了550, 000個住宅樓區。”A.表示成長的正反兩方面效果。B.舉有無公共交通運輸的城市爲例。D.對比兩者成長率;都不是本文中舉兩城市例了的目的。
3.C沒有計劃。見第二段第三句起“城市擴展蔓延根本無計劃，好兒千個小的投資商進行擴展，毫不考慮相互協調配合利用土地，也不考慮未來土地利用。”
A.太貴和B.太慢，兩個選項，文內沒有提。D.它創造了對公共交通運輸的需求。這不是住宅擴展的一個缺點，而是三個根本改變城市的一個方面。見第一段第三句:“通過大量開發未佔土地擴建住宅，公共汽車、馬車、鐵路、來回火車，有軌電車把已有人定居的居住區向外擴展了三四倍，比他們先現代時期的市中心更遠。”
4.C(第二段中以芝加哥城市例了說明)土地開發超過人口增長速度。答案詳見第二段“這些購買和置備土地建設住宅，特別是購置臨近城市或就在市界外的'土地，搶在交通線路和中產階層的居民進去之前。他們這樣做的目的是創造一種需求，也是響應這種需求。芝加哥就是這種過程的典型例了。那裏的房地產小塊土地比人口增長快得很多很多。”
A.城市大。B.用作土地開發的樣板。D.具有優越的公共的交通系統。
【閱讀詞彙學習】
se
修正
ic
結構
lyze
催化
out
把……分門別類，揀選
bus
公共汽車/馬車
ley
(美)有軌電車，(英)無軌電車
phery
周圍，邊緣
wl
建築物無計劃延仲，蔓延，四面八方散開
小片土地
rscore
強調，在下面劃橫線
sit lines
運輸線路
ivision
(出售的)小塊土地，再劃分小區
【寫作方法與文章大意】
文章論述了“公共交通從三方面改變了城市的社會和經濟結構。”採用分類寫法。文章一開始就提出三方面:第一，促進城市實質性的擴展;第二，把人和土地分民別類加以利用;第三，加速了城市生活的不穩定性。然後就是三方面的具體內容。
