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精讀原文：
Dropouts for Ph. D. s
Educators are seriously concerned about the highrate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophycandidates and the consequent loss of talent to anation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed thedropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter ofexpert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was basedon 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universitiesand it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while notcompleting the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing wellfinancially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who wenton to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated `because of theconcern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of theindividuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement forthe degree. Attrition at the Ph. D.
level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resourcesalready being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage ofhighly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts toreturn to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.'
"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."
Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels ofability or their specialities.
Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, butthose who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination,uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most importantpersonal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack offinances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities werereceiving$20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. `s with that background reachedthis figure. The Ph. D.'s shone in the$7,500 to$15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in theacademic fields, where Ph. D.'s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behindother fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The maincondition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might considerreturning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present levelof income and in some cases their present job.
【閱讀練習題】
author states that many educators feel that
[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.
[B]the fropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.
[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.
[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part offaculty members.
arch has shown that
[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. `s in financial attainment.
[B]the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.
[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.
[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn thedegree.
ing foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.
[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.
[B]is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.
[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.
[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.
r reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that
[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of thedegree.
[B]a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.
[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.
[D] Ph. D. `s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.
can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in
[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.
[B]academic requirement too high.
[C] salary for dropouts too high.
[D] 1000 positions.
【答案詳解】
1.A.許多教育工作者感到應採取步驟讓輟學者回校學習，特別是有些學科。這在第三段最後一句話:“有些人建議高級專家和大學教師短缺現象可以通過勸說輟學者返回校園完成博士學位來減少。” B.輟學者應回到稍第兒的學校去完成學業。C.有博士學位的人一般比輟學者具有較好的適應性。D.高輟學率主要原因在於教師方面缺乏刺激鼓勵。這三項文內沒有提。
2.D.約三分之一開始就讀博士學位的人沒有完成學業取得學位。第二段第一句:“輟學率爲31%大多數情況下，輟學人不能完成博士學位學業，就去從事生產性工作”。
A.輟學者的經濟收入比博士生低許多。這是錯的。見倒數第二段:“作爲輟學者幹得真不錯的證明，統計圖表說明2%人文學科的輟學者年收入爲20000多沒勁，沒有一個同樣背景的博士生達到這個數字。7000至15000美元年收入水平爲博士生的78%,輟學者僅爲50%" B.在博士學習中刺激因素較小。C.博士預備生如果中途退學很可能改變其專業領域。
3.C.博士生應達到外語要求的水平是許多博士生課程的一個基本組成部分。這在第四段有所表示:“約75%的退學者說，他們決定退學並不是處於學術的原因，而處於學術原因的退學者提出:難以通過資格考試，難以完成研究，通不過外語考試”。這裏看出外語是博士生課程的基本組成部分。
A.它是退學最頻繁的原因。B.它對理科博士生比文科博士應考生更難。D.它在大學中的難度並沒有不同。
4.A.讀完這篇文章，人們不會有這種結論。這在第三段末和最後一段。第三段末:“我們研究的結果並不支持這些一件(包括返回校園之意見):W缺乏動力是退學的'主要原因。(2)大多數退學者在博士課程上已經達到和他們的能力水平和專業水平相一致的水平。(3)大多數退學者現在從事的工作和他們所受教育和動機相一致。”最後一段:“至於返回校園的可能性，前景不樂觀。至少有25%的退學生可能考慮返回研究生院就讀，條件是保證他們保留現有的收入水平，有些還要保留他們目前的工作。”
B.博士生退學者，大體而論，並不具備得到學位所需要的一切。C.學院和大學僱傭了許多退學生。D.博士生在非學術崗位上沒有掙到他們應得的錢。B., C.兩項文內沒提。D.不對，參見難句譯註4.
5.A.博士生的工資太低。見第四題A.的譯註和難句譯註4.
B.學術要求太高。這只是某些因學術原因輟學者之強調點。C.輟學者工資太高。不是太高而是有一部分高於博士生。見第二題D項註釋。D.職位低。文內沒有提。
【閱讀詞彙學習】
dropout輟學者，中途退學
well-rounded全面的
attrition縮l減員，磨損
drain枯竭
bracket一類人，(尤指按收入分類的)階層
lagging behind other fields落後於其它領域
glum}淚鬱的
【難句解析】
Educators are seriously concerned about the highrate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophycandidates and the consequent loss of talent to anation in need of Ph. D. s.
教育工作者嚴重關注博士生輟學的高比率;這對迫切需要博士生的國家是一個人才方面的嚴重損失。
It was base on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
[分析]sent過去分詞，修飾questionnaireso Who定語從句修飾students .
這份全面調查報告是以22000份調查表分送給以前在24所大學就讀的博士生爲基礎的。這份全面調查報告似乎說明過去許多擔心害怕是沒有根據的。
Attrition at the Ph. D. lever is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drainon university resources already being used to capacity.
[分析]被動句。To capacity滿額，全力。
博士水平的人員的縮減被認爲是寶貴的教授時問的浪費和已經被使用到極限的大 學資源的枯竭。
This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. `s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
[分析]the fact的同位語that從句中的where是定語從句，修飾academic fields .
這也可能表明這樣一個事實:在博士能掙到最高工資的學術領域中，高工資仍然 落後於其它領域。
【寫作方法與文章大意】
這是一篇論及“博士生輟學”的文章。採用對比和因果手法。文章一開始就提出教育工作者嚴重關注博士生輟學達50%的問題。而調查報告證明，只有31%0輟學造成不良後果，有人建議中途退學者回爐再念博士學位學業。研究表明不行。列出理由並加以分析。
