This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
詞彙解析：discrimination 歧視；alphabet 字母表
主幹識別：this refers to discrimination against those +定語從句。
其他成分：for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage 爲插入語，改寫爲for those who are unaware of such a disadvantage as yet 理解起來會方便很多；as yet 至今; whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet 爲定語從句。
微觀解析：若是句子中的插入語理解起來有困難，不妨試着改變它的`句式結構，將長定語還原爲定語從句，而這種方法的逆向思維可以與寫作相結合，使文章的句式更加靈活多變。
翻譯：對於那些還不瞭解這種危害的人來說，它指的是對姓氏首字母位於字母表後半部分的人的歧視
From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
單詞解析：democratic民主的；populist平民主義的
主幹識別：our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything+定語從句。
其他成分：says Hofstadter 爲插入語； our democratic and populist urges have driven us to…可提煉出sth. has driven sb. to do…這個句型；that smells of elitism 爲定語從句修飾anything (注意smell的介詞搭配)。
微觀解析：若是覺得插入語干擾了正常的理解，可將這個句子變爲Hofstadter says, “From the beginning of our history, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.”這樣的自由直接引語構成的賓語從句會降低句子的難度。
