賓語從句定語從句

  定語從句

在複合句中,用作定語的從句叫定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞的後面,由關係代詞或關係副詞引導。下面我們結合例句來複習一下初中學過的由that, which, who和whom引導的定語從句。

賓語從句定語從句

 1. 關係代詞that引導的定語從句,that在從句中作主語或賓語,可以指人,也可以指物。如:

The letter that came this morning is from my father. (作主語,指物)

Here are the books that I borrowed from you a week ago. (作賓語,指物)

The woman that spoke to me in the shop used to live next door. (作主語,指人)

The person that I have to phone lives inIndia. (作賓語,指人)

 2. 關係代詞which引導的定語從句,which在從句中作主語或賓語,只可以指物。如:

Take the book which is lying on the table. (作主語,指物)

It's a story which every child will enjoy. (作賓語,指物)

 3. 關係代詞who和whom引導的定語從句。who和whom只可以指人,who在從句中作主語, whom在從句中作賓語,在口語中常用who代替whom。如:

Those students who failed the exam will have to take it again. (作主語,指人)

The girl who / whom I spoke to was a student. (作賓語,指人)

What能引導的特殊定語從句

對於定語從句這一塊,大部分同學對於基本的which, who, that引導的從句並不陌生,但是對於what這個詞,大部分老師都會說what不能引導定語從句。只能說它不是一般的定從,而是一個先行詞和關係代詞的結合體,因此關於what引導的定語從句,前面本身都不應該再出現先行詞。換句話說,如果句中已有先行詞,就一定不能用what引導。比如錯句:You can have everything what you like. 這裏中what該詞前已經有了先行詞everything,所以不能用what引導。

另一句:Those activities became what he calls “electronic heroin”。這句中what在從句中作謂語calls的賓語,或者更具體的`是充當賓語補足語,而這個what相當於the activities that,即一個先行詞和關係代詞的結合體。但是另從結構上來說,what從句是充當became的表語,也就是相當於名詞從句中的表語從句。所以該句既可看做是what引導的特殊定語從句,又可充當名詞性從句。

關於what的先行詞,它的作用類似於that,既可指物,又可指人。What都是單獨使用的,即其後沒有接名詞連用。在06年閱讀第三篇中有這麼一句話:Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught.後面這句話中that是該句的主語,means 是謂語動詞, 其後有一個省略了that引導的賓語從句,從句的謂語動詞爲is being caught. 主語爲a higher proportion of what is in the sea, 其中what is in the sea是做of的賓語,而不是what這個詞做of的賓語,這裏what前沒有先行詞,且what用來指物。所以what is in the sea翻譯成海洋生物,整句就變成了”那就意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕撈。”

另外what如果後面接的是名詞的話,那就意味着what類似於做定從中的關係形容詞,翻譯成“所有的……,儘可能多的……”。如:The accident completely wiped out what little sight he had left. 這次事故讓他僅有的一點視力也喪失了。

  賓語從句

在複合句中,用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導賓語從句的詞有: that, whether, if, who, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why等。如:

She said that the book was based on a true story.

No one knows exactly what happened.

I don't know when I'll see her again.

注意:賓語從句既可跟在及物動詞後面,也可跟在介詞後。如:

Show me what you have bought.

She was shocked by what she has seen.

1.定義:用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。

  2.構成:關聯詞+簡單句。

  3賓語從句的語序一定是陳述句語序。(who 作主語的從句本身就是陳述句語序)

  4賓語從句在複合句中作主句的賓語,連接賓語從句的連詞有that(that在口語中常省略)。 whether,if,和連接代詞what, which, who, whom及連接副詞when, where, how, why。

He knew(that) he should study hard.

他知道他應該努力學習。

Can you tell me which class you are in?

您能告訴我,您在哪一班嗎?

He asked me if he could come in,

他問我他是否能進來。

  賓語從句的時態變化規律:

主句 從句

一般現在時 可根據需要用任何時態。

一般過去時 過去的某種時態,例如:一般過去,過去進行,過去完成,過去將來等

注意:說到自然現象和普遍真理時,用一般現在時

The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.