Note Taking and Gap Filling
Good afternoon, class. I want to start my lecture by telling you a story. Once there was a young woman from Mexico named Consuela, who came to New York to learn English. She got a job at a factory owned by a Chinese. One day as Consuela came to work, her Chinese boss handed her a red envelope. Consuela looked inside and saw 20 dollars. She became very upset and threw the envelope back at her boss! Her boss was shocked. Well, he had given her the red envelope and the money because it was Chinese New Year. And on the Chinese New Year, it is traditional to give money to young, single people for good luck. However, from Consuela’s point of view, he was an older man giving her money in an envelope, which meant that he was asking her for sexual favors. Naturally, she refused to take the money.
Now, what does this story show us? It shows that an action can have totally opposite meanings in different cultures. Every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate and what is not appropriate behavior. And to illustrate my point today, I’m going to give examples from four areas. First, the way people greet each other in different cultures. Second, the way they use names and titles. Third, the way people eat. And finally, the way they exchange gifts.
OK, let’s start with greeting customs—First of all, I’m sure you know that in the United States and in most western countries, greetings often involve some sort of touching, such as a handshake, a hug, or a kiss if people know each other very well. On the other hand, people from most Asian countries don’t usually feel as comfortable touching in public. Although handshakes between business people are common, many Japanese prefer a bow, while people from Thailand, normally hold their hands together in a kind of prayer position. So imagine how embarrassing it would be if an American was invited to someone’s home in Japan or Thailand and she tried to hug the host!
Now, another behavior that differs from culture to culture is the use of names. Have you noticed that Americans are quick to use people’s first names even if they have just met. For instance, visitors to the United States are always surprised to hear employees speak to their bosses using first names. In contrast, people in most other cultures are more formal and prefer to be addressed as Mr. Brown or Mr. Honda, for example. In addition, in some countries, such as Italy or Korea, people like you to include their title or position with their family names, especially if they’re university graduates or owners of a business.
Now I want to look at eating customs. I’ll talk about the behaviors connected with eating that vary from culture to culture. One of these is the use of utensils. You probably know that people in many Asian cultures use chopsticks but in some countries it’s customary to eat with your fingers. It’s important to be aware of different dining customs. Here is another example. In some cultures, eating everything on your plate is considered impolite. In Egypt and China, you should leave some food in your dish at the end of the meal. This is to show that your hosts were generous and gave you more than enough to eat. However, Americans generally consider a clean plate as a sign of satisfaction with the food.
Finally, what I want to mention today is gift giving, which you may think is a universal custom and there is not much variation from culture to culture. But the rules of gift giving can be very complicated. In USA, if you’re invited to someone’s home for dinner, bring wine or flowers or small item as a present. On the other hand, the Japanese give gifts quite frequently, often to thank someone, such as a teacher or a doctor. In the Japanese culture, gift giving is a very ancient tradition and it has many detailed rules. Another interesting fact about gift giving is that many cultures have strict rules about gifts you should not give. For example, never give yellow flowers to people from Iran, which means you hate them!
【評析】
本文題材對考生來說並不陌生，是老生常談的文化差異。作者先從一個故事引入，再從四個方面(打招呼，稱謂，飲食及送禮)介紹各國不同的風俗習慣。做筆記時，從這四個角度進行歸類，記下關鍵的實詞，相信正確答案就近在咫尺了。
【難詞】
bow n. 鞠躬
address v. 稱呼
utensil n. 餐具
universal adj. 普遍的'，通用的
Sentence Translation
1. High-school-age boys are more likely to be obese than their female counterparts. Only 30% of high-school-age boys get the recommended 60 minutes of daily exercise.
高中男生比同齡女生更容易肥胖。只有30%的高中男生達到了推薦的每天1小時的運動量。
2. Innovation is like a bamboo shoot. A bamboo shoot spends many years underground, and then it just peaks its head up like a seeding and it just shows up very quickly.
創新就像竹筍。竹筍深埋地下多年之後，就像種子一樣破土而出、快速成長。
3. Wal-Mart will be offering some online specials as early as 8:00 a.m. on Thanks giving. Some of the in-store deals will also be available online, but others will be Internet-only specials.
沃爾瑪將在感恩節早上八點提供網購特價產品。一些實體店商品也可以在網上買到，但還有一些只供網路銷售。
4. Small companies can’t get the credit they need. Statistics show that a big drop in landing to small businesses in the last quarter of 2012 and conditions that remain tight through 2013.
小公司不能獲得他們想要的貸款了。數據表明，2012年最後一個季度小額借貸出現較大跌幅，2013年形勢依然緊張。
5. Eating more than 18 ounces of red meat per week ups your risk of colorectal cancer. Its risk also rises by 40% with every three ounces serving of process meat eating per day.
每週食用超過18盎司的紅肉將增加罹患結腸癌的風險。每天吃3盎司的加工肉製品則會使這種患病風險增加40%。
