The expansion of the universities since the beginning of World War II and the great increase in number of college graduates and ph. Ds have produced a corps of technicians, aides, speechwriters, symbol manufactures, investigators, and policy proposers who are now employed by practical men in all institutions. These people, called intellectuals in the sense that they deal with symbols and ideas, have become professionalized in exactly the same sense as the engineer. Unlike the engineer, however, these professional intellectuals are free from much of the routine grind of daily work: they carry light teaching load and enjoy government and foundation grants and subsidies for their research.
The professor’s project budget is the initial economic base that supports his independence within the university. The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the university, which takes a percentage “overhead” out of every project budget. The major feature of project money, whether its source is government or business, is that it is given on a contractual basis, a different contract for each project, so that the investigator’s independence rests upon his capacity to secure a succession of contracts. The ability to secure contracts is a genuine talent among professional intellectuals.
第二次世界大戰以來，大學的數目不斷增長，本科、甚至是博士畢業生也與日俱增，從而誕生了大批的技術人員、助手、演講稿撰寫人、徽章生產商、調查人員和政策研究員，他們效力於各類務實的研究所中。 這些人員主要解決符號和概念問題，與工程師幾乎一樣高度專業化，所以人們把它們稱爲知識分子。
然而這些人員與工程師還有所不同——他們不需從事繁重的日常例行工作，僅承擔少量教學工作，同時享受政府研究津貼或補貼。
教授項目預算是其最初的經濟基礎，使得教師得以在大學裏保持獨立。研究生是否存在，大學是否存在資金償還能力，這些都取決於項目預算。大學的資金償還在整個項目預算中佔有重要比例。無論來自於政府或商界，項目資金的重要特點是其建立在契約上，即不同的項目可以爭取相同的項目資金，因此調研人員要取得獨立，就必須得到連續的研究項目。 獲得研究項目是知識分子的一種真正才能。
分析：
①⑵ The expansion of the universities ⑴ since the beginning of World War II and ⑶ the great increase in number of college graduates and ph. Ds have produced a corps of technicians, aides, speechwriters, symbol manufactures, investigators, and policy proposers ⑷ (who are now employed by practical men in all institutions).
▲ 第二次世界大戰以來，大學的數目不斷增長，本科、甚至是博士畢業生也與日俱增，從而誕生了大批的技術人員、助手、演講稿撰寫人、徽章生產商、調查人員和政策研究員，他們效力於各類務實的研究所中。
轉性譯法：名詞 → 動詞 expansion→ 不斷增長 increase→ 與日俱增
換序譯法：翻譯順序：⑴⑵⑶⑷
意譯： produce→ 生產(直譯)
→ 誕生(意譯)
a corps of→ 團體共同行動或共同指揮下的一夥人(直譯)
→ 大批的(意譯)
corps 的含義： a body of persons acting together or associated under common direction eg. the
press corps 記者團
難詞的翻譯：這裏從 technician 到 policy proposers 共六個單詞都不是很好翻譯，考生請注意平時的積累。
定語從句的翻譯：重複法
轉態譯法：被主交換： who are now employed→ 效力於
省詞譯法： who are now employed by practical men in all institutions 這句中 practical man 解釋爲
“實幹家”，但整句翻譯成“他們被各類研究所裏的實幹家僱傭”，略顯累贅，因此可以把 man 在翻譯中省略，譯成“他們效力於各類務實的研究所中”即可。
②⑷ These people, called intellectuals in the sense that ⑴ they deal with symbols and ideas, ⑶ have become professionalized ⑵ in exactly the same sense as the engineer.
▲ 這些人員主要解決符號和概念問題，與工程師幾乎一樣高度專業化，所以人們把它們稱爲知識分子。
in the/a sense 解釋爲“在某種意義上”。如： What you’ve said is in the sense a great insult to his
dignity. → 你的話語在某種程度上對他的尊嚴是一種侮辱。
意譯： deal with→ 對付;處理(直譯)→ 解決(意譯)
具體譯法：加字法： symbols and ideas→ 符號和概念問題問
換序譯法：翻譯順序：⑴⑵⑶⑷
比較級的翻譯： exactly the same sense as the engineer→ 與工程師幾乎一樣一
轉態翻譯：被主交換： called intellectuals→ 人們把它們稱爲知識分子
③ Unlike the engineer, however, these professional intellectuals are free from much of the routine grind of daily work: they carry light teaching load and enjoy government and foundation grants and subsidies for their research.
▲ 然而這些人員與工程師還有所不同——他們不需從事繁重的日常例行工作，僅承擔少量教學工作，同時享受政府研究津貼或補貼。
正反譯法： free from→ 不需
轉性譯法：形容詞 → 動詞 free from→ 不需從事
名詞 → 形容詞 grind→ 繁重的
grind (noun): a laborious task, routine, or study 苦力，苦差費力的任務、日常工作或學習：light: easy to carry out or perform
eg. Since her accident, she can only do light work.
④ The professor’s project budget is the initial economic base (that supports his independence within the university).
▲ 教授項目預算是其最初的經濟基礎，使得教師得以在大學裏保持獨立。
定語從句的翻譯：省略法
⑤ The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the
university, (which takes a percentage “overhead” out of every project budget).
▲ 研究生是否存在，大學是否存在資金償還能力，這些都取決於項目預算。大學的資金償還在整個項目預算中佔有重要比例。
意譯： sustain: maintain; keep the existence of→ 維持。由於“維持”後的賓語較長，可以先把賓語譯出，把“項目預算”作爲賓語，用謂語“取決於”連接，句子就比較平衡。
轉性譯法：名詞 → 動詞 existence→ 存在
意譯： overhead→ 上面的;經常的'(直譯)→ 重要的(意譯)
定語從句的翻譯：重複法
⑥ The major feature of project money, whether its source is government or business, is that it is given on
a contractual basis, a different contract for each project, so that the investigator’s independence
rests upon his capacity to secure a succession of contracts.
▲ 無論來自於政府或商界，項目資金的重要特點是其建立在契約上，即不同的項目可以爭取相同的項目資金，因此調研人員要取得獨立，就必須得到連續的研究項目。
轉性譯法：形容詞 → 名詞 contractual→ 契約
介詞 → 動詞 for→ 爭取
具體譯法：加字法： project→ 項目資金資
意譯： contract→ 合同(直譯)
→ 項目;研究項目(意譯)
secure→ 保護(直譯)
→ 得到(意譯)
rest upon→ 建立在 …… 的基礎上(直譯)→ 必須(意譯)
so that 的翻譯：表示結果
so that 和 so…that… 在翻譯中一般不是表示“目的”，就是表示“結果”。前者可以翻譯成“以此”，後者可翻譯成“從而”，不過有時兩者的區別並不明顯。如：
She worked hard so that everything would be ready before 5 o’clock. (目的)
Nothing was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead. (結果)
⑦ The ability to secure contracts is a genuine talent among professional intellectuals.
▲ 獲得研究項目是知識分子的一種真正才能。
