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People do not analyze every problem they meet。 Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem。 They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people。 Other times they begin to act without thinking; they try to find a solution by trial and error。 However， when all these methods fail， the person with a problem has to start analyzing。 There are six stages in analyzing a problem。
First the person must recognize that there is a problem。 For example， Sam's bicycle is broken， and he cannot read it to class as he usually does。 Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle。
Next the thinker must define the problem。 Before Sam can repair his bicycle。 he must find the reason why it does not work。 For instance， he must determine if the problem is with the gears， the brakes， or the frame。 He must make his problem more specific。
Now the person must look for information that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions。 For instance， suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels。 At this time。 he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears。 He can talk to his friends at the bike shop。 He can look at his gears carefully。 after studying the problem， the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution。 Take Sam as an illustration。 His suggestions might be： put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels。
Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem。 Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way。 Sam， for example， suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum（口香糖）between the gear wheels。 He immediately realizes the solution to his problem： he must clean the gear wheels。
Finally the solution is tested。 Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly。 In short， he has solved the problem。
1。 What is the best title for this passage？
A） Six Stages for Repairing Sam's Bicycle
B） Possible Ways to Problem—solving
C） Necessities of Problem Analysis
D） Suggestions for Analyzing a Problem
2。 In analyzing a problem we should do all the following except。
A） recognize and define the problem
B） look for information to make the problem clearer
C） have suggestions for a possible solution
D） find a solution by trial or mistake
3。 By referring to Sam's broken bicycle， the author intends to。
A） illustrate the ways to repair his bicycle
B） discuss the problems of his bicycle
C） tell us how to solve a problem
D） show us how to analyses a problem
4。 Which of the following is NOT true？
A） People do not analyze the problem they meet。
B） People often accept the opinions or ideas of other people。
C） People may learn from their past experience
D） People can not solve some problems they meet。
5。 As used in the last sentence， the phrase in short means。
A） in the long run
B） in detail
C） in a word
D） in the end
1。B2。D3。C4。A5。C
練習二Scoresof workers from MTV Networks walked off the job yesterday afternoon， fillingthe sidewalk outside the headquarters of its corporate parent， Viacom， toprotest recent changes in benefits。 The walkout highlighted the concerns of acategory of workers who are sometimes called permalancers： permanentfreelancers who work like full—time employees but do not receive the samebenefits。
Wavingsigns that read ’’Shame on Viacom，’’the workers， most of them in their 20s， demanded that MTV Networks reverse aplan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning Jan。 1。 Ina statement， MTV Networks noted that its benefits program for full—timeemployees had also undergone changes， and it emphasized that the plan forfreelancers was still highly competitive within the industry。 Many freelancersreceive no corporate benefits。 But some of the protesters asserted thatcorporations were competing to see which could provide the most mediocre healthcare coverage。 Matthew Yonda， who works at Nickelodeon， held a sign thatlabeled the network ’’Sick—elodeon。’’’’I’veworked here every day for three years —— I’m not afreelancer，’’ Mr。 Yonda said。 ’’Theyjust call us freelancers in order to bar us from getting the same benefits asemployees。’’
Thechanges to the benefits package were announced last Tuesday。 Freelancers weretold that they would become eligible for benefits after 160 days of work，beginning in January。 While that eased previous eligibility rules， whichrequired freelancers to work for 52 weeks before becoming eligible， it wouldhave required all freelancers not yet eligible for benefits to start thewaiting period over again on Jan。 1。 The 401（k） plan was also removed。 OnThursday， acknowledging the complaints， MTV Networks reinstated the 401（k） planand said freelancers who had worked consistently since March would be eligible。
Fueledby a series of blog posts on the media Web site Gawker —— the first post washeadlined’’The Viacom Permalance Slave System’’—— a loose cohort of freelancers created protest stickers and distributedwalkout fliers last week。 Caroline O’Hare， a unitmanager who has worked for MTV for more than two years， said the new healthcare plan —— with higher deductibles and a $2，000 cap on hospital expenses eachyear —— had provoked outrage。 ’’They think theycan treat us like children that don’t have families，mortgages or dreams of retirement，’’ she said。
OutsideViacom’sheadquarters， several workers held posters with the words， ’’There’stoo many of us to ignore。’’ It was unclearhow many freelancers are on the company’s payroll; an MTVNetworks spokeswoman said the figure was not known because it rises and fallsthroughout the year。 The company has 5，500 full—time employees， excludingfreelancers， around the world。
Twofreelancers and one full—time employee， who asked not to be identified for fearof retribution， estimated that the percentage of freelancers in somedepartments exceeded 75 percent。 Another labor action is expected to take placeoutside Viacom later this week。 Members of the Writers Guild of America， whohave been on strike for five weeks， are expected to picket there on Thursday。
1。Whichone of the following statements is NOT true of MTV Networks’new benefits plan for freelancers？
[A]Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in the industry。
[B]Its freelancers cannot receive the same benefits as the full—time employees。
[C]The freelancers who are not eligible for benefits should start the waitingperiod over again on Jan。 1。
[D]The freelancers are against the new plan which substantially but their benefit
2。According to the new benefits program of MTV Networks， the followingfreelancers are eligible for benefits except_____。
[A]those who have worked for 160 days
[B]those who have worked for 1 year。
[C]those who have worked since March。
[D]those who have worked since Jan。 1。
3。Theword "reinstate" （Line 5， Paragraph 3） most probably means_____。
[A]redesign
[B]restore
[C]repair
[D]reset
4。The MTV Networks spokeswoman did not provide the number of freelancers on thepayroll mostly probably because_____。
[A]the figure fluctuates throughout the year and it is impossible to calculate theprecise number
[B]the company wants to keep it as a secret so as to better stand the protest
[C]the company has no record of the freelancers since there is no such necessity
[D]the company does not want to provide the freelancers with benefits enjoyed bythe full—time employee。
5。Towards MTV Networks’ change on the benefits plan， the author’sattitude can be said to be_____。
[A]affirmative
[B]negative
[C]biased
[D]neutral
文章剖析：
這篇文章介紹了MTV網絡公司修改其對於僱用的自由職員的福利待遇方案的調整以及引起的反響。文章第一段第二段介紹MTV網絡公司的自由職員舉行罷工遊行的情況;第三段講述福利方案調整的一些內容;第四段講述其他的一些抗議形式;第五段第六段是關於MTV網絡公司僱用的自由職員的數量的一些情況。
詞彙註釋：
freelancern。 自由職業者
reversev。 撤銷或取消
mediocreadj。 普通的，劣等的
retributionn。 懲罰，報償
reinstaten。 恢復
cohortn。 一羣一羣或一幫人
stickern。 張貼物
fliern。 傳單
deductiblen。 扣除條款，保險單內的條款之一，免除保險人對被保險戶承受的損失賠償最初的規定的金額
picketv。 派出糾察員，在罷工或抗議期間設置一個或幾個糾察隊
難句突破：
（1） Waving signs that read ’’Shame on Viacom，’’the workers， most of them in their 20s， demanded that MTV Networks reverse aplan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning Jan。 1。
[主體句式]The workers demanded that。。。來源：考試大
[結構分析]這是一個複合句，前面的現在分詞短語作爲主語的伴隨狀語;most of them in their 20s是主語的同位語;謂語demand後是一個賓語從句，在該從句中，beginning Jan 1是一個現在分詞短語作a plan的定語。
[句子譯文]這些工人大多數都是二十多歲，他們手中揮舞着寫有"Viacom 無恥"的標語，要求MTV網絡收回於1月1日開始實施的減少自由職業者健康和牙齒醫療方面福利的計劃。
（2）Whilethat eased previous eligibility rules， which required freelancers to work for52 weeks before becoming eligible， it would have required all freelancers notyet eligible for benefits to start the waiting period over again on Jan。 1。
[主體句式]While that 。。。 it would have。。。
[結構分析]這是一個並列句，前半分句中有一個which 引導的非限定定於從句修飾previous eligibility rules，後半分句中notyet eligible for benefits 是後置定語用來修飾all freelancers。
[句子譯文]雖然這樣一來放寬了以前的資格規定（該規定要求自由職業者在成爲合格人員前必須工作52周），但卻要求所有還未有資格享受福利的自由職業者從1月1日重新開始計算等待期。
題目分析：
1。Which one of the following statements is NOT true of MTV Networks’ newbenefits plan for freelancers？1。 關於MTV網絡對自由職業者的新福利方案，下列哪一個是不正確的_____。
[A] Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in theindustry。[A] 在本行業內它的福利方案是很有競爭力的。
[B] Its freelancers cannot receive the same benefits as thefull—time employees。[B] 自由職業者不能和全職員工享有一樣的福利待遇。
[C] The freelancers who are not eligible for benefits should startthe waiting period over again on Jan。 1。[C] 沒有資格享受福利待遇的自由職業者要重新從一月一日開始計算工作時間。
[D] The freelancers are against the new plan which substantiallycuts their benefit。[D] 自由職業者反對新福利方案，該方案大幅度地削減了他們的福利。
[答案]C
[難度係數] ☆☆☆
[分析] 細節題。題目要求找出和新福利方案不符合的一項，關於A在第二段由所提及，是MTV爲自己辯護的證據;B在全文中都有體現，第一段工人罷工的原因就是自由職業者不能和正式員工享受一樣的福利;選項C在文章的第三段提到，雖然一開始計劃改變後是這樣規定的，但因職員的抗議，公司又重新恢復了401方案，只要從三月份以來一直在工作的員工就可以享受新的福利方案。選項D，全文中各個段落都提到了這一點。因此，只有C是符合題乾的。
2。 According to the new benefits program of MTV Networks， thefollowing freelancers are eligible for benefits package except_____。2。 根據MTV網絡的新福利方案，下列自由職業者除了_____之外都有資格享受福利。
[A] those who have worked for 160 days beginning in January[A] 從一月起已經工作了160天的員工。
[B] those who have worked for 1 year。[B] 已經工作了一年的員工
[C] those who have worked since March。[C] 自三月以來在工作的員工。
[D] those who start the waiting period over again on Jan。 1。[D] 從一月一日起重新開始等待期的員工。
[答案]D
[難度係數] ☆☆☆
[分析] 細節題。MTV修改了的新福利方案對享受福利待遇的職工作了新定義，這在第三段有說明。新方案規定從一月份開始在公司工作了160天的員工有這個資格，之前的規定是工作達52周的員工;不過這個新規定要求所有還沒有資格享受福利的員工要從一月一日開始重新計算工作時間，不過由於職員的抗議，公司決定只要從三月份以來一直在公司工作的員工就有這個資格。那麼四個選項中，A是符合的，B無論什麼情況下也都符合，C在公司修改後也符合，只有D不符合，沒有該資格。
3。The word "reinstate" （Line 5， Paragraph 3） most probablymeans_____。3。 "reinstate"這個詞（第三段第五行）最有可能的意思是_____。
[A] redesign[A] 重新設計
[B] restore[B] 恢復
[C] revise[C] 修改
[D] reset[D] 重新安排
[答案]B
[難度係數] ☆☆
[分析] 猜詞題。首先看到reinstate這個詞是由re開頭的，因此這個單詞應該有"重複"或者"重新"的意思。有了這個前提，再結合上下文來看，401方案取消後，員工進行了抗議，因此MTV對該方案採取了一定行動。可以推測，是一種公司緩和氣氛而作的努力，那麼應該是恢復了該方案。答案爲B。選項的幾個單詞都比較類似，也都是以re開頭的詞彙，但是它們之間有一些小小的區別，要注意區分。這道題主要考察了考生的詞彙量、以及辨別相近詞之間區別的能力。
4。 The MTV Networks spokeswoman did not provide the number offreelancers on the payroll mostly probably because_____。4。 MTV網絡女發言人沒有提供薪水冊上自由職業者的數量最有可能是因爲______。來源：考試大網
[A] the figure fluctuates throughout the year and it is impossibleto calculate the precise number[A] 這個數字在一年內會不停波動，同時也不可能計算出來一個準確數字。
[B] the company wants to keep it as a secret so as to better standthe protest[B] 公司想要對該方面保密以便於更好地抵制罷工。
[C] the company has no record of the freelancers since there is nosuch necessity[C] 公司沒有自由職業者的紀錄，因爲沒有做記錄的必要。
[D] the company does not want to provide the freelancers withbenefits enjoyed by the full—time employee。[D] 公司不想爲自由職業者提供與正式員工一樣的福利待遇。
[答案]B
[難度係數] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理題。第五段中提到，目前工資薪水冊上有多少自由職員還不清楚，一位MTV網絡發言人聲稱是因爲這個數字全年都來回波動，這很明顯是一個託詞，因爲每家公司都會有其各種人員的登記，要掌握具體的數據並不困難。只是公佈該數據對公司不利，因爲公司自知有大量的自由職員，如果數據公佈對罷工者有利，對公司反而是不利證據，因此是因爲公司不想讓外人知道，以便於在這場罷工鬥爭中爭取有利形勢。因此B爲正確答案。C和D選項屬於無中生有。
5。 Towards MTV Networks’ change on thebenefits plan， the author’s attitude can be said to be_____。5。 作者對於MTV網絡在福利方案方面所作的調整的態度是_____。
[A] affirmative[A] 肯定的
[B] negative[B] 否定的
[C] biased[C] 有偏見的
[D] neutral[D] 中立的
[答案]B
[難度係數] ☆
[分析] 態度題。文章雖然措辭比較客觀，但是從作者引用的例子等還是可以發現，作者對MTV網絡公司所作的福利方案變動還是有一定的想法。如他引用的幾個自由職業者的陳述都可以表現出這一點來。因此，答案爲B。
參考譯文：
昨天下午，MTV網絡的許多工人進行罷工，站滿了其上級公司Viacom總部外的人行道，抗議最近福利方面的變化。這次罷工突出反映了有時被稱作爲永久的自由職業者的這麼一類工人的憂慮：他們和全職員工一樣工作，但是卻得不到同樣的福利。
這些工人大多數都是二十多歲，他們手中揮舞着寫有"Viacom 無恥"的標語，要求MTV網絡收回於1月1日開始實施的減少自由職業者健康和牙齒醫療方面福利的計劃。MTV網絡在一次聲明中提到其全職員工的福利計劃也發生了一些裱畫，並且強調對自由職業者的.福利計劃在本行業來說還是有一定優勢的。許多自由職業者沒有任何的公司福利。但是一些抗議者聲稱公司在互相較勁看誰能提供最普通的醫療保健保險。在Nickelodeon工作的馬太·Yonda手持的標語將該網絡叫做"噁心的elodeon"。"我三年來每天都在這裏工作——我不是自由職業者，"Yonda這樣說，"他們叫我們自由職業者，目的就是不讓我們享受和正式員工一樣的福利。"
福利變化是於上週二公佈的，自由職業者被告知他們只能在從1月1日起的160天后纔能有資格享受福利。雖然這樣一來放寬了以前的資格規定（該規定要求自由職業者在成爲合格人員前必須工作52周），但卻要求所有還未有資格享受福利的自由職業者從1月1日重新開始計算等待期。401（k）計劃也被刪除了。星期四，MTV網絡在收到申訴後又恢復了401（k）計劃，宣佈從三月以來就一直工作的自由職業者可以不用再等候就可以有資格享受福利。其他的一些改變也引起了公憤。
媒體網Gawker張貼了一系列的博客公告更是火上加油（第一篇公告擡頭爲"Viacom 的永久自由職業者奴隸體系"），一羣組織鬆散的自由職業者上週做了抗議張貼物並散發罷工傳單。卡羅琳·O’Hare是曾在MTV工作過兩年多的部門經理，她說這個新的健康保障計劃有更高的扣除條款，並設定了每年醫療花費2000美元的最高限額，已經引起了公憤。"他們覺得可以對待我們像對待沒有家庭、抵押和退休夢想的孩子一樣。"她這樣說。
在Viacom總部外，幾個工人手中的條幅這樣寫着："我們人數衆多，不容忽視。"還不清楚到底有多少自由職業者劃入該公司的薪水冊中，MTV網絡一位女發言人聲稱由於一年中這個數字起起伏伏，所以現在這個數字還不能確定。該公司除自由職業者外，在全世界有5500個全職員工。
有兩個自由職業者和一個全職員工估計在某些部門自由職業者的比例高達75%，這三個人因害怕被公司報復要求不要公開他們身份。另外一項勞動訴訟可能將於本週晚些時候在Viacom外進行。美國作家協會的成員已經罷工五週，可望於週四在此派出糾察員。
練習三
The poverty line is the minimum income that people need for an acceptable standard of living。 People with incomes below the poverty line are considered poor。 Economists study the causes of poverty in order to find solutions to the problem。
As the general standard of living in the country rises， the poverty line does， too。 Therefore， even with today's relatively high standard of living， about 10 percent of the people in the United States are below the poverty line。 However， if these people had stable jobs， they could have an acceptable standard of living。 Economists suggest several reasons why poor people do not have jobs。
For one thing， more than half of the poor people in the United States are not qualified to work。 Over 40 percent of the poor people are children。 By law， children less than 16 years old cannot work in many industries。 A large number of poor people are old。 Many companies do not hire people over 65 years old， the normal retirement age。
Some poor adults do not look for jobs for a variety of personal reasons： they are sick， they do not have any motivation（動力）。 they have family problems， or they do notbelieve that they can find a job。
Other poor people look for a job but cannot find one。 Many poor adults never went to high school。 Therefore， when they look for jobs， they have few skills that they can offer。
At the present time， the government thinks it can reduce poverty in the country in the following ways。
First， if the national economy grows， businesses and industries hire more workers。 Some of the poor who are qualified to look for jobs may find employment。 Then they will no longer be below the poverty line。
Second， if society invests in the poor， the poor will become more productive。 If the government spends money on social programs， education， and training for poor people， the poor will have the skills to offer。 Then it is more likely that they can find jobs。
Finally， if the government distributes society's income differently， it raises some poor people above the poverty line。 The government collects taxes from the non—poor and gives money to the poor。 These payments to the poor are called welfare。 In 1975 over 18 million people in the United States received welfare。
Some economists are looking for better solutions to the poverty problem。 However， at the present time， many people depend on welfare for a minimally acceptable standard of living。
1。 The author's main purpose to write this article is。
A） to define what the poverty line is
B） to explain why some people live the poverty line
C） to find solutions to the problem of poverty
D） to show sympathy for those poor people
2。 Which of the following is NOT true？
A） Ten percent of the Americans live a poor life。
B） Poor people are those who love below the poverty line。
C） The poverty line rises as the general standard of living rises。
D） The poverty line tends to be at the same level。
3。 More than 40 percent of the poor people are children。 This is mainly because。
A） they do not have enough motivation
B） they are so young that they are deprived of chances to work
C） they fail to get enough education
D） they are very poor in health
4。 Most of the American poor people are not qualified for employment because。
A） they to not have any motivation to work
B） they are not very self—confident
C） they are too young or too old to work
D） they have physical and family problems
5。 We may conclude from the passage that。
A） better solutions to the poverty problem are not yet found
B） welfare will enable people to be rich
C） poor people are bound to go out of the poverty line if they have chances to do business
D） employment is the best solution to the poverty problem
1。C2。D3。B4。C5。A
