英語語法:定語從句

學習定語從句免不了要進行句法結構和語法成分的分析,而這往往是學生的薄弱環節,故此,在學習定語從句之前,學生應打好兩方面的基礎:

英語語法:定語從句

  一、吃透句子成分,能找出簡單句中的主、賓、表、定語及狀語等成分。

主語:

主語 (Subject) 是一個句子的主體,一般位於句首。名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、從句等均可用作主語。例如:

I’m fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. 我喜歡姐姐,但她有個嚴重的缺點。 (人教①U3)

My background is traditional Chinese music. 我的背景是中國傳統音樂。 (外研⑥M4)

To find a best friend is difficult. 找到一個好朋友不容易。 (譯林⑤U1)

No one knows for sure, and making predictions is a risky business. 誰也說不準,並且預測也是件冒險的事。 (外研④M1)

What is even more unbelievable is the fact that some murderers are let out of prison after three or four years. 更不可思議的是一些殺人犯三四年後獲釋出獄。 (北師大⑧U24)

賓語:

賓語 (Object) 是動作的承受者,一般位於及物動詞之後。名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、從句等均可用作賓語。例如:

We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other. 我們經常一起做作業,樂於彼此幫忙。 (人教①U1)

He also writes film music. 他也寫影視音樂。 (外研②M3)

I’ve tried and failed to make paper with all these plants. 我嘗試了,但是用所有這些植物也沒能造成紙。 (譯林②U3)

I hope I can go there to study. 我希望能去那裏學習。 (北師大⑤U13)

注:表語、定語及狀語等詳見《新課標高中英語語法》

  二、學好簡單句,在簡單句中深入認識及物動詞和不及物動詞。英語的句子根據其結構可分爲三種類型:簡單句、並列句和複合句。簡單句有六種基本句型,英語裏形形色色、千變萬化的句子皆由這六種基本句型演變而來。學好簡單句是學好並列句和複合句的前提。

1. 主語 + 謂語

這種結構中,謂語一般由不及物動詞充當。例如:

Mrs. Black and her children talked and laughed. 布萊克夫人和她的孩子們有說有笑。

Over 500 types of native American animals and plants have disappeared. 美洲已有500多種本土動植物消失。

2. 主語 + 系動詞 + 表語

常見的'系動詞有:be (是),become (變成),seem (看起來),appear (顯得),get (變得),grow (變得),turn (變成),remain (仍然是),come (變得),fall (變得), hold (保持),keep (保持),stand (保持),stay (保持),smell (聞起來),look (看上去), sound (聽起來),taste (嚐起來),feel (摸起來)等。例如:

It is a way of thinking. 這是一種思考方式。 (人教②U5)

Its walls remain as good as before. 城牆仍然和以前一樣好。 (人教②U1)

All of the food looks, smells and tastes wonderful. 所有食物都色、香、味俱佳。

3. 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語

這種結構中,謂語一般由及物動詞充當。例如:

The museum also has an excellent restaurant. 博物館裏還有一家極好的餐館。 (人教⑥U1)

I like taking risks. 我喜歡冒險。 (北師大⑤U14)

The rapid development of tourism has created many job opportunities. 旅遊業的蓬勃發展創造了很多工作機會。

4. 主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語

直接賓語和間接賓語合稱爲雙賓語,間接賓語一般爲人,直接賓語一般爲物。常見的能帶雙賓語的及物動詞有:give, bring, tell, send, leave, pass, read, write, take, wish, show, offer,teach, get, award, lend, rent, buy, pay, hand, recommend 等。例如:

One day, he offered me some crack co caine. 一天,他給了我一些強效。 (外研②M2)

I’ll lend you something to read. 我借些書給你看。

You gave me some good advice. 你給了我一些好建議。 (譯林①U2)

5. 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語

賓語和賓語補足語合稱爲複合賓語,常見的帶複合賓語結構的及物動詞有:elect, feel,find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, make, notice, see, let, smell, start, watch, appoint, believe, call, catch, allow, ask, cause, consider, expect, know, tell, think, want, wish, listen to, look at等。例如:

I didn’t want all three men to die. 我不想那三個人死。 (外研⑤M3)

My wife calls me a “movie fan”. 我妻子稱我爲“電影迷”。 (北師大①U1)

I saw them walking across the road. 我看到他們穿過那條馬路。

We’ll have the room redecorated. 我們會請人把房間重新裝修一下。

6. there be 句型

there be句型常用來表示“在某地 / 某時有某物 / 某人”。 在此句型中,there是引導詞,無實義,其主語是be動詞之後的名詞或名詞短語動詞。be在人稱和數上應和其後的主語(名詞) 保持一致,即主語是不可數名詞或單數可數名詞時用單數,複數可數名詞時用複數。若be後有兩個或兩個以上的名詞作主語時,謂語動詞常與鄰近的主語在數上保持一致。例如:

There is a pen and some books on the desk. 書桌上有支鋼筆和幾本書。

In Indonesia there is a wildlife park for endangered animals. 在印度尼西亞有一個野

生動物園,它是專門爲瀕臨絕種的動物設立的。 (人教②U4)

該句型中的謂語有時用used to be, seem to be, appear to be, happen to be等詞組表示。

例如:

There used to be a castle at the foot of the hill. 過去山腳下有一個城堡。

There seems (to be) something wrong about it. 好像有點不大對頭。

There happened to be nobody in the room. 恰好那時候房裏沒人。

  解題方法

  一、選準關係代詞和關係副詞

在定語從句中,關係代詞或關係副詞都代替先行詞在從句中充當一定的成分,如果該從句中缺少主語、表語、賓語或定語,就要用關係代詞來連接從句;如果從句中缺少狀語,就得用關係副詞來連接從句。例如:

(1) I still remember the days which / that we spent together.

(2) I still remember the days when we worked together.

  二、瞭解僅用that 引導限制性定語從句的幾種情況

that 在限制性定語從句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情況下,只能用that 來引導定語從句:

1. 先行詞是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代詞時。例如:

Is there anything that you want to buy?

2. 先行詞被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等詞修飾或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定詞修飾時。例如:

These are all the pictures that I have seen.

This is the very dictionary that is ofgreathelp.

3. 先行詞既指人又指物時。例如:

My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.

4. 關係代詞在定語從句中作表語時。例如:

Our school is not the one that it used to be.

5. 先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾時。例如:

This is the best English film that I have ever seen.

The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.

6. 主句是who 或which 引導的特殊問句時。例如:

Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?

Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?

  三、把握“介詞+關係代詞”結構中介詞的選用

介詞的選擇與主句中先行詞的搭配密切相關。例如:

That's the reason for which he was late for school.

This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.

  注意:

1. 定語從句中謂語動詞是含有介詞的動詞短語時,介詞應放在動詞之後,不能拆開放在關係代詞前。例如:

This is the key which you are looking for.

This is the baby whom you will look after.

2. 該結構中,關係代詞指人時用whom,指物時用which.

  四、弄清as 和which 引導的非限制性定語從句指代整體時的區別

1

位置上的區別:

as 引導的非限制性定語從句的位置比較靈活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句後,還可插在主句的中間;而which 引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之後。例如:

As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.

The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.

The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.

The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.

2

詞義與聯繫上的區別:

as 引導的非限制性定語從句與主句之間有着較爲密切的上下文聯繫,as 本身含有“正如”之意;而which 引導的非限制性定語從句與主句之間在邏輯意義上近似並列句,which 本身表示“這”或“這一點”之意。例如:

Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.

Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.

  五、注意定語從句的主謂一致性

關係代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句的謂語必須與先行詞保持人稱和數的一致。例如:

Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.

Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.

  六、保持主句的完整性並避免從句成分的重疊

1. 在定語從句中,不管出現任何情況,主句的結構必須完整,即主句必須有主語和謂語,缺一不可,否則,整個主從複合句就無法成立。試比較:

(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week?

(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week?

A. which B. where C. what D. the one

分析:

第一題缺少表語,只有填D項才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的選項均爲干擾項。

第二題主句本身完整,應填的關係代詞在從句中作visited 的賓語,故應選A項。

2. 從定語從句中,關係代詞或關係副詞已經代替先行詞獨立地或與相應的介詞一起在定語從句中充當了一定的成分,因此在定語從句中就不能再出現與關係代(副)詞重疊的成分。例如:

錯句:Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?

分析:該題中that 已經代替先行詞the train 在定語從句中充當及物動詞took 的賓語,故重疊出現的賓語it必須刪去。