英語中句子的成分

瞭解英語句子中非連續成分的運用無論對於正確理解英語句子的意思,還是用正確漢語來表達英語句子的意思都是至關重要的。

英語中句子的成分

我們都知道,英語大多數陳述句都採用SVO這種線性結構(linear structure),各成分之間的語法關係是靠語序來體現的,爲了準確地表達句子中各成分之間的語法關係,避免歧義,人們在寫英語句子時一般要遵循相鄰原則(principle of adjacency),即語法關係密切的兩個成分應處於相鄰的位置。但是,在實際運用中有時人們並不遵循這一原則,兩個應該相鄰成分之間被其它成分分隔,構成含非連續成分(discontinuous constituents)的句式。例如:

⑴A wild yell of jubilation to their surprise, went up suddenly from two dozen throats and pandemonium of joy ensued.

--F. S. Fitzgerald: The Diamond as Big as the Ritz

⑵But here on the same road you might have seen among these heavy men a being lithe…

--J. Conrad: Amy Foster

⑶Indeed, if readers find the introduction hard going, they should read just the last section, then plunge into the body of the book, and return to Chapter I when puzzles arise about the general nature of the field.

--S. C. Levinson: Pragmatics

⑷As soon as they were gone, Elisabeth walked out to recover her spirits, or in other words, to dwell, without interpretation on those subjects that deaden then more.

--J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice

上面幾個都是含非連續成分的句子,但非連續成分的構成情況各不相同。例⑴句子中的主語A wild yell of jubilation和謂語went up被狀語to their surprise分隔,構成主謂非連續成分,例⑵中謂語動詞might have seen和賓語a being被狀語among these heavy men分隔,構成動賓語非連續成分。例⑶中的中心詞puzzles和修飾語被分句的謂語arise分隔,構成名詞中心詞和後置修飾非連續成分。例⑷不定式動詞to dwell和該動詞詞組的小品詞分隔,構成動詞副詞小品詞非連續成分。

在上面四種非連續成分中,最多見的是中心詞和後置修飾語非連續成分,這種連續成分比較複雜。除上面例⑶講的中心詞和介詞短語修飾語以外,還有以下各種情況。

1、中心詞是句子的主語,其修飾語是關係分句,這個關係分句的主語又是關係代詞,這種關係分句往往可與中心詞分隔。例如:

Some things have been done that ought to have been done long ago.

2、中心詞是主語或賓語,同時被兩個後置修飾語修飾,其中一個修飾語

把中心詞和另一個修飾語分隔。例如:

I've got something important to say.

There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.

The enterprises and property in China of the Japanese aggressors and the chief traitors were confiscated.

Is there anything you want that you have not?

從這幾個例句看,造成非連續成分產生的可能是形容詞,副詞後置修飾語,介詞短語後置修飾語,關係分句後置修飾語等。

3、中心詞是主語或賓語,狀語或插入成分把中心詞和修飾語分隔。例如:

There are a lot of people at the bus stop waiting for the bus.

They found a room there to put up for the night.

"Here is the man, " he said, "who told us the good news yesterday."

at the bus stop, there都是狀語,he said是插入成分,它們把中心詞和修飾語分隔,產生了非連續成分。

4、中心詞位於句首,而修飾它的後置修飾語又需置於謂語之後,兩者不得不分開。這種情況多見於疑問代詞作中心詞的句子中。例如:

What did he want to say about it?

Who is there to be criticized?

研究上面所舉的所有例句,我們可以發現,英語句子中的非連續成分主要由兩個原因造成的,一個是插入語導致產生非連續成分,另一個是爲了使句子結構平衡,防止句子產生頭重腳輕而產生了非連續成分。

含非連續成分的英語句子的運用,有時與修辭因素有關,即運用非連續成分是爲了提高英語句子的修辭表達效果。含非連續成分的英語句子主要有以下幾種修辭作用。

1、保持句子結構平穩

由於用文字傳遞信息的需要,構成句子的各種成分可能會較複雜地交織在一起,這就不可避免地會導致句子結構不平衡的問題,違背句子末端加重(end weight)的原則。例如:

News that the rebels threatened to blow up the city came.

這個句子語法上應該是對的,但修辭效果無從談起,句子的主語很長,謂語部分只有一個詞,太短,句子頭重腳輕,失去平衡。現在我們來看下列幾例:

When a subject was accused of a crime important enough to interest the king, public notice was given that on an appointed day the fate of the accused person would be decided in the king's arena.

--F. Stockton: The Lady or the Tiger

We watched on TV the two astronauts walking on the moon.

I know of a place on that mountain where we can find this kind of plant.

這幾個都是含非連續成分的句子,由於非連續成分的運用,按正常語序的句子所產生的弊端隨之消失。句子結構平穩自然,語義嚴密,修辭效果顯而易見。

2、避免句子意思混淆

使用非連續成分有時可以避免句子意思混淆,請看下列例句:

※As I approached the stream I saw a tall man hastening toward me beyond it.

※Once married, the church considers that a couple has signed up for a lifetime contrast.

這兩個句子的意思混淆,不合邏輯,原因是beyond it和once married這兩個成分在句子中的'位置不當。現在我們把它們改成如下形式:

As I approached the stream, I saw a tall man beyond it hastening toward me.

The church considers that a couple, once married, has signed for a lifetime contrast.

這兩個都是含非連續成分的句子,第一個句子中賓語和賓語補足語被分隔,第二個句子中分句的主語和謂語被分隔,但兩個句子都意思清楚,完全合乎邏輯,非連續成分在某些情況下的優點,在此也可見一斑了。

3、使行文精煉,結構緊湊,言簡意賅。

使用非連續成分有時並非爲了句子結構平穩,也不是爲了避免句子意思混淆,而是爲了使行文精煉,句子結構緊湊,語言表達言簡意賅。這類非連續成分多數是插入型非連續成分,即插入成分把本來應該相連的兩個成分分隔。例如:

I shall propose several sorts of formulations and propose that such sub-collection structures of terms are a resource in the sensitivity to topic of the selection of place formulations.

--E. A. Schlegloff: Notes on a Conversational Practice

從語法上講in the sensitivity to topic完全可以省略,但句子所含的信息量會隨之減少,而這一信息在交際中卻是十分必要的。運用非連續成分我們不但不覺得句子羅嗦,而且還覺得行文精確,結構緊湊,言簡意賅。再如:

With the establishment during the last century and the flourishing during the present of a modern tradition in American literature, the authority of English opinion and usage has diminished.

--A. Baugh et al: A History of the English Language

顯然,在這個句子中,非連續成分的運用與句子結構平衡有否無關,during the last century和during the present的運用主要是爲了增加信息量,使信息更有效地傳遞。它們的運用並不給人冗贅的感覺,而是行文清晰精煉,結構嚴謹,語義表達確切嚴密。

不過,使用英語非連續成分切忌弄巧成拙,以免引起不必要的誤解。例如:

The only person beside the teacher who knew the matter was the monitor.

在這個句子中,beside the teacher的位置會導致句子的意思產生歧義,因爲who knew the matter可理解爲修飾person,也可理解爲修飾teacher,實際上beside the teacher是狀語,應置句首:Beside the teacher the only person who knew the matter was the monitor.再如:

Who is the man reading a newspa-pe-r next to the woman?

該句中,next to the woman可理解爲man的後置修飾語,也可理解爲newspa-pe-r的後置修飾語,句子是歧義句,意思含糊不清。應該換一種含非連續成分的句子來表達:Who is the man next to the woman reading a newspa-pe-r? 這個句子沒有歧義,非連續成分的運用使句子語義表達清楚,這纔是非連續成分運用的目的之一。