目前，2022全國碩士研究生考試已經結束，小編希望大家都考的都不錯。爲了第一時間幫助大家瞭解自己的考試結果，覈對試題對錯，爲後續的複試、調劑做好準備，下面是小編精心整理的2022年考研英語（一）真題及參考答案「完整版」，僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was ____1____ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be ____2____ to intelligence in animals. ____3____ plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that ____4____ consciousness, researchers previously reported.
But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it ____5____ so greatly from that of animals that so-called ____6____ of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have ____7____ that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, ____8____ “a plant nervous system, ____9____ to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They ____10____ claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
This ____11____ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, ____12____ it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. ____13____, the signaling in a plant is only ____14____ similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold ____15____ of complexity and capacity is required,” he ____16____.” Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the ____17____ that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from ____18____, so investing energy in a body system which ____19____ a threat and can feel pain would be a very ____20____ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
1. [A] coined [B] discovered [C] collected [D] issued
2. [A] attributed [B] directed [C] compared [D] confined
3. [A] Unless [B] When [C] Once [D] Though
4. [A] coped with [B] consisted of [C] hinted at [D] extended to
5. [A] suffers [B] benefits [C] develops [D] differs
6. [A] acceptance [B] evidence [C] cultivation [D] creation
7. [A] doubted [B] denied [C] argued [D] requested
8. [A] adapting [B] forming [C] repairing [D] testing
9. [A] analogous [B] essential [C] suitable [D] sensitive
10. [A] just [B] ever [C] still [D] even
11. [A] restriction [B] experiment [C] perspective [D] demand
12. [A] attaching [B] reducing [C] returning [D] exposing
13. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise
14. [A] temporarily [B] literally [C] superficially [D] imaginarily
15. [A] list [B] level [C] label [D] load
16. [A] recalled [B] agreed [C] questioned [D] added
17. [A] chances [B] risks [C] excuses [D] assumptions
18. [A] danger [B] failure [C] warning [D] control
19. [A] represents [B] includes [C] reveals [D] recognizes
20. [A] humble [B] poor [C] practical [D] easy
答案：
1. [A] coined
2. [C] compared
3. [D] Though
4. [C] hinted at
5. [D] differs
6. [B] evidence
7. [C] argued
8. [B] forming
9. [A] analogous
10. [D] even
11. [C] perspective
12. [B] reducing
13. [A] However
14. [C] superficially
15. [B] level
16. [D] added
17. [A] chances
18. [A] danger
19. [D] recognizes
20. [B] poor
1. 【答案】[A] coined
【解析】邏輯關係題。分號提示分號前後語義一致。根據分號前的first(首次)和took root(生根)可知，plants have some degree of consciousness(植物有某種程度的意識)在當時是種新思想。據此推斷，the term “plant neurobiology”是個新概念。A項coined表示“創造(新詞語)”，代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲A項。
干擾項：B項discovered(發現)，C項collected(收集)和D項issued(發佈)均不符合原文語義。
2. 【答案】[C] compared
【解析】固定搭配題。分號提示分號前後語義一致。根據分號前plants have some degree of consciousness(植物有某種程度的意識)可知：植物有意識。這種意識與空白處後的intelligence in animals(動物的智力)二者存在相似性。C項compared與to構成固定搭配，表示“表明……與……相似;將……比作”，代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲C項。
干擾項：其餘各項均可與to構成不同的搭配，A項attributed to (把……歸因於)，B項directed to(把……對準……)和D項confined to(把……限定在……)均不符合原文語義。
3. 【答案】[D] Though
【解析】邏輯關係題。本題考查句內邏輯關係，比較本句前後兩個半句語義，即plants lack brains(植物缺乏大腦)和the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses(然而，莖和葉發射的電信號觸發了反應)，可知二者存在語義相反。D項Though(雖然，儘管)提示讓步關係，屬於語義相反，符合原文邏輯關係。所以，本題答案爲D項。
干擾項：A項Unless(除非)，B項When(當……時)，C項Once(一旦)，均不符合原文語義和邏輯關係。
4. 【答案】[C] hinted at
【解析】固定搭配題。根據空白處前後的responses(反應)和consciousness(感覺;意識)語義可知，前者是後者的一種信號。C項hinted at爲固定搭配，表示“暗示，透露”，代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲C項。
干擾項：A項coped with(處理，對付)，B項consisted of(由……構成)，D項extended to(將範圍擴大至……)均不符合原文語義。
5. 【答案】[D] differs
【解析】語境題。根據本段段首such an idea is untrue對上段觀點(植物意識和動物智力存在相似性)的否定可知：植物意識和動物智力並不相似。所以，本題所考查的it(指代Plant biology)和that of animals(that指代biology)之間的語義關係爲二者相異。D項differs(相異，不同於)代入後符合原文語義和邏輯關係。所以，本題答案爲D項。
干擾項：A項suffers(受苦，受難)，B項benefits(得益於)，C項develops(發展，變化)均不符合原文語義和邏輯關係。
6. 【答案】[B] evidence
【解析】語境題。上句such an idea is untrue是對上段末句(植物的反應體現其意識)的否定，也就是說，本段主要觀點爲：植物沒有意識(智力)。本句so-called 6 of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive(所謂的“植物智力”的 6 是沒有說服力的)也需與本段主要觀點保持一致。B項evidence(證據)代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲B項。
干擾項：A項acceptance(同意，認可)，C項cultivation(種植，栽培)，D項creation(創造)均不符合原文語義。
7. 【答案】[C] argued
【解析】語境題。比較本句scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells that…(科學家們一直 7 植物具有……神經元樣細胞)和下句They 10 claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’……(他們 10 聲稱植物……有“大腦般的指揮中心”)，可知，二者結構相似：scientists和They，後者指代前者，二者同義;plants原詞復現;possess(擁有)與have二者同義。所以，空白處語義與下句對應位置的claimed(聲稱)語義相近。C項argued(主張，提出理由說明)符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲C項。
干擾項：A項doubted(懷疑)，B項denied(否認)，D項requested(要求)，均不符合原文語義。
8. 【答案】[B] forming
【解析】語境題。比較空白處前neuron-like cells that…(……神經元樣細胞)和空白處後a plant nervous system(植物神經系統)，可知，前者是後者的構成要素。B項forming(使形成)代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲B項。
干擾項：A項adapting(使適應)，C項repairing(補救，糾正)和D項testing(測驗，考查)均不符合原文語義。
9. 【答案】[A] analogous
【解析】語境題。比較空白處前a plant nervous system(植物神經系統)和空白處後that in animals(動物的神經系統，其中，that指代a nervous system)可知，二者同爲神經系統。A項analogous表示“相似的，類似的”，代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲A項。
干擾項：B項essential(必不可少的)，C項suitable(適用的)和D項sensitive(敏感的)均不符合原文語義。
10. 【答案】[D] even
【解析】邏輯關係題。本題考查句間邏輯關係，比較本句claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’(聲稱植物擁有“大腦般的指揮中心”)和上句some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells(一些科學家一直 7 植物擁有神經元樣細胞)語義可知，從對「植物有意識」的論證力度上來說，“大腦般的指揮中心”比“神經元樣細胞”更進一層。D項even(甚至)提示遞進關係，符合原文邏輯關係。所以，本題答案爲D項。
干擾項：A項just(僅僅)，B項ever(從來，在任何時候)，C項still(還，還是)，均不符合原文語義和邏輯關係。
11. 【答案】[C] perspective
【解析】邏輯關係題。This+空白處指代上段提到的信息;上段主要提出了Taiz的觀點、論點，因此空白處語義表示觀點、論點。C項perspective(觀點)是對該句的概括，代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲C項。
干擾項：A項restriction(限制)，B項experiment(實驗)，D項demand(要求)，均不符合原文語義和邏輯關係。
12. 【答案】[B] reducing
【解析】固定搭配題。空白處所在的狀語結構，是對主句謂語simplify(使簡化)的一種伴隨狀態，所以，空白處語義與simplify(使簡化)語義相近。B項reducing與介詞to搭配，表示“將……概括爲(或簡化爲)”，代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲B項。
干擾項：其餘各項均可與介詞to構成不同搭配，A項attaching…to…(把……固定在……上)，C項returning…to…(把……帶回……，把……送回……)，D項exposing…to…(向……顯露……)，均不符合原文語義。
13. 【答案】[A] However
【解析】邏輯關係題。本題考查句間邏輯關係，比較空白處前cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals(植物中的細胞也通過電信號溝通)和空白處後the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity(植物中的信號傳導只是 14 類似於複雜動物大腦中的放電，而動物大腦不只是“通過電進行交流的大量細胞”)語義，可知，空白處前後存在語義相反：前者的also(也)強調植物和動物(在信號溝通方式上)的相似之處，後者的only…similar(僅僅……相似的)弱化了該相似。A項However(然而)體現轉折，屬於語義相反，符合原文邏輯關係。所以，本題答案爲A項。
干擾項：B項Moreover(而且)，C項Therefore(因此)，D項Otherwise(否則)，均不符合原文邏輯關係。
14. 【答案】[C] superficially
【解析】語境題。根據後半句which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity(動物大腦不只是“通過電進行交流的大量細胞”)可知，動物大腦更復雜，動物大腦和植物智力間更多的是相異，所以，前半句的相似(similar)是並不充分的。C項superficially(表面上地)代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲C項。
干擾項：A項temporarily(臨時地)，B項literally(真正地，確實地)，D項imaginarily(虛構地)，均不符合原文語義。
15. 【答案】[B] level
【解析】語境題。根據本句For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is required(意識想要進化，需要一個具有起始 15 的複雜性和容量的大腦)並結合threshold(起始的)語義可知，本句對complexity and capacity(複雜性和容量)的要求(required)是一種程度上的要求。B項level(水平)代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲B項。
干擾項：A項list(清單)，C項label(標籤)，D項load(負荷)，均不符合原文語義。
16. 【答案】[D] added
【解析】語境題。本句是引語，出自he，he指代上段末句Taiz，觀察發現：上段末句也是出自Taiz的引語。比較上段末句a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity(動物大腦不只是“通過電進行交流的大量細胞”)和本句For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is required(爲了使意識進化，需要一個具有起始 15 的複雜性和容量的大腦)語義，可知，後者在對前者作進一步闡述。D項added(補充說，繼續說)代入後最符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲D項。
干擾項：A項recalled(記起，回憶起)，B項agreed(表示“同意，贊同”，用於與別人觀點相同時)，C項questioned(懷疑)，均不符合原文語義。
17. 【答案】[A] chances
【解析】邏輯關係題。Since(由於)提示因果關係：plants don’t have nervous systems(植物沒有神經系統)爲因，the 17 that they have consciousness are effectively zero(它們所擁有意識的 17 實際上爲零)爲果。由因推果可知，缺乏神經系統，意識也不會存在。A項chances(機會，可能性)代入後符合原文語義和邏輯關係。所以，本題答案爲A項。
干擾項：B項risks(風險)，C項excuses(藉口)，D項assumptions(假定，假設)均不符合原文語義和邏輯關係。
18. 【答案】[A] danger
【解析】邏輯關係題。so(所以)提示句內因果關係：so前爲因，so後爲果。根據run away from(迴避)可知，空白處語義爲負面傾向。藉助果，即so後的threat(威脅)可知，空白處語義與“威脅”語義相近。A項danger(危險)代入後符合原文語義和邏輯關係。所以，本題答案爲A項。
干擾項：B項failure(失敗)，C項warning(警告)，D項control(控制)均不符合原文語義和邏輯關係。
19. 【答案】[D] recognizes
【解析】邏輯關係題。and提示順承關係，屬於語義一致： 19 a threat( 19 一種威脅)與can feel pain(可感知疼痛)二者結構相似，語義相近。D項recognizes(識別)代入後符合原文語義和邏輯關係。所以，本題答案爲D項。
干擾項：A項represents(代表，意味着)，B項includes(包括)，C項reveals(揭示，顯示)，均不符合原文語義和邏輯關係。
20. 【答案】[B] poor
【解析】邏輯關係題。so提示因果關係：Plants can’t run away…(植物不能逃離……)爲因，investing energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel pain would be a very 20 evolutionary strategy(把能量投入到一個 19 威脅並能感知疼痛的身體系統將是一種非常 20 的進化策略)爲果。由此推知，因爲(即使植物能感知到疼痛也)不能逃掉，所以把能量投入到一個能……威脅和感知疼痛的身體系統上，是一種非常 20 的'進化策略，即本句意在指出：既然不能跑，那麼就無須進化到可以感受疼痛。所以，空白處的語義應爲負面的，能體現出進化到能……威脅和感知疼痛是種不夠好的策略。B項poor(不好的，次的，差的)代入後符合原文語義。所以，本題答案爲B項。
干擾項：A項humble(不大的，沒有特別之處的)，C項practical(有用的，適用的)和D項easy(容易的，輕易的)均不符合原文語義。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.
Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”
And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.
Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.
So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.
Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics, designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.
And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve … will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”
21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in ______.
[A] maintaining their plastic items
[B] obtaining durable plastic artifacts
[C] handling outdated plastic exhibits
[D] classifying their plastic collections
22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are ______.
[A] immune to decay
[B] improperly shaped
[C] inherently flawed
[D] complex in structure
23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to ______.
[A] keep them from hurting visitors
[B] duplicate them for future display
[C] have their ingredients analyzed
[D] prevent them from further damage
24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is ______.
[A] costly
[B] unworthy
[C] unpopular
[D] challenging
25. In Ferreira’ s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts ______.
[A] will inspire future scientific research
[B] has profound historical significance
[C] will help us separate the material ages
[D] has an impact on today’s cultural life
Section II Reading Comprehension
答案：
21. [A] maintaining their plastic items
22. [C] inherently flawed
23. [D] prevent them from further damage
24. [D] challenging
25. [B] has profound historical significance
Text 2
As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.
Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.
This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.
Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.
For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.
It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory.
Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: ‘I am a geographer’ or ‘I am a classist’. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.
26. The author suggests that Generation Z should ______.
[A] be careful in choosing a college
[B] be diligent at each educational stage
[C] reassess the necessity of college education
[D] postpone their undergraduate application
27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect ______.
[A] Millennial’s opinions about work
[B] the shrinking value of a degree
[C] public discontent with education
[D] the desired route of social mobility
28. The author considers it a good sign that ______.
[A] Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree
[B] school leavers are willing to be skilled workers
[C] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees
[D] parents are changing their minds about education
29. It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should ______.
[A] make an early decision on their career
[B] attend on the job training programs
[C] team up with high-paid postgraduates
[D] further their studies in a specific field
30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?
[A] Lifelong learning will define them.
[B] They will make qualified educators.
[C] Degrees will no longer appeal them.
[D] They will have a limited choice of jobs.
答案：
26. [C]
27. [B]
28. [C]
29. [D]
30. [A]
Text 3
Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.
Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” One respondent said.
One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.
But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.
More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light—hence the “visual studies” in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups need to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.
31. According to Paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have ______.
[A] caught the attention of critics
[B] received favorable responses
[C] promoted academic publishing
[D] sparked heated public disputes
32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that ______.
[A] art can offer audiences easy access to science
[B] science can help with the expression of emotions
[C] public participation in science has a promising future
[D] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership ______.
[A] their role may be underestimated
[B] their reputation may be impaired
[C] their creativity may be inhibited
[D] their work may be misguided
34. What does the author say about CAVS?
[A] It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
[B] It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.
[C] Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
[D] Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations ______.
[A] are likely to go beyond public expectations
[B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition
[C] should do more than communicating science
[D] are becoming more popular than before
答案：
31. [B]
32. [A]
33. [A]
34. [B]
35. [C]
Text 4
The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.
Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
36. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to ______.
[A] punish dubious corporate practices
[B] improve traditional hiring procedures
[C] exempt employers from certain duties
[D] protect the rights of ordinary workers
37. It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may ______.
[A] hinder business development
[B] undermine managers’ authority
[C] affect the public image of the firms
[D] worsen labor-management relations
38. Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support?
[A] Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
[B] Enforcing employment protection laws.
[C] Limiting the powers of business owners.
[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.
39. What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?
[A] Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
[B] Employees suffer from salary cuts.
[C] Society sees a rise in overall well-being.
[D] Employers need to hire new staff.
40. It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia ______.
[A] has secured managers’ earnings
[B] has produced undesired results
[C] is beneficial to business owners
[D] is difficult to put into practice
答案：
36. [D]
37. [A]
38. [D]
39. [B]
40. [D]
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.【答案】[A] maintaining their plastic items
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Paragraph 1和museums are faced with difficulties in定位到第一段⑦句：All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects.(所有這些給一些機構帶來了巨大的麻煩，比如試圖保護具有重要文化意義的物品的博物館)。其中all of which指代上文③至⑥句所提到的塑料材料的種種問題：But some plastic materials change over time … melt into sludge.(一些塑料材料隨着時間的推移而改變……融化成污泥)，可見，博物館在維護其塑料藏品方面有困難。A項maintaining their plastic items(維護他們的塑料藏品)是對③至⑦句的概括總結，maintain對應preserve。所以本題選A。
22.【答案】[C] inherently flawed
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are定位到第二段①句(其中certain plastic objects對應Certain artifacts)：Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten(Thea van Oosten說，某些手工藝品特別脆弱，因爲一些塑料藝術的先驅並不總是知道如何正確地混合原料)。可見，某些塑料藝術品在製作過程中就存在原料未能正確混合的問題，導致塑料藝術品本身就存在缺陷。C項inherently flawed(本身存在缺陷)是對①句的概括總結。所以本題選C。
23.【答案】[D] prevent them from further damage
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to定位到第四段②③句。②句指出It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling(它極易受到光的損害，到了20世紀90年代中期，Gilardi的南瓜、玫瑰和其他圖形都在分裂和破碎)，③句繼而指出Museums locked some of them away in the dark(博物館把其中一些鎖在黑暗中)。可見，博物館將之封存在黑暗中是爲了避免其遭受更多的光損害。D項prevent them from further damage(避免它們受到進一步的損害)是對②③句的合理推斷。所以本題選D。
24.【答案】[D] challenging
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞preservation of plastics定位到第六段①句：Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder(儘管有van Oosten這樣的成功案例，但塑料的保存可能會變得更加困難)。D項challenging(挑戰性的)是對get harder的同義替換。所以本題選D。
25.【答案】[B] has profound historical significance
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Ferreira和preservation of plastic artifacts定位到第七段②③句。②句指出archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums(考古學家在檢查了博物館中的文物後，首先確定了人類歷史上偉大的物質時代——石器時代、鐵器時代等等)，③句承接②句指出We now live in an age of plastic … “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve … will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”(我們現在生活在塑料時代……“我們決定收集什麼，我們決定保存什麼……將對我們未來的形象產生重大影響。”)。可見，我們對塑料工藝品的保存對於未來定義我們的時代意義重大。B項has profound historical significance(具有深遠的歷史意義)是對②③句的概括總結。所以本題選B。
Text 2
26.【答案】[C] reassess the necessity of college education
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Generation Z和should定位到第一段①句(其中should對應need to)：As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey(當最新一批學生填寫本科申請表並權衡他們的選擇時，或許值得思考的是學位的意義、目的和價值發生了怎樣的變化，以及Z世代在開啓他們教育旅程的第三階段時需要考慮什麼)。C項reassess the necessity of college education(重新審視大學教育的必要性)是對①句內容的適度推斷，其中college education(大學教育)對應degree(大學學位)。所以本題選C。
27.【答案】[B] the shrinking value of a degree
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞The percentage of UK graduates和non-graduate roles定位到第二段⑤句：Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries(如今，英國有28%的大學畢業生從事非大學畢業生的工作，這一比例是經合組織國家平均水平的兩倍)。本句無法解題，根據定位句中的數字“28 per cent”可知，該句爲論據，且該句位於段尾，所以需要往上文尋找論點解題。再找到前文的論點：As degrees became universal, they became devalued(隨着大學學位變得普遍，它們也貶值了)。B項the shrinking value of a degree(大學學位的貶值)是對③句的同義替換，其中shrinking value對應devalued，degree爲原詞復現。所以本題選B。
28.【答案】[C] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞a good sign定位到第四段①句(其中good對應原文的Thankfully)：Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening(值得慶幸的是，有跡象表明這種情況已經發生了)。該句無法解題，需繼續看下文。結合②句Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates(僱主早就看到了僱用中學畢業生的好處，因爲中學畢業生經常證明他們是比大學畢業生更盡職、更忠誠的員工)和③句Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles(許多僱主也逐漸意識到取消某些崗位對學位的要求所帶來的好處)可知，僱主對待大學學位的態度發生轉變，C項employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees(僱主對大學學位採取現實的態度)是對②句和③句內容的概括總結。所以本題選C。
29.【答案】[D] further their studies in a specific field
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Paragraph 5和those with one degree定位到第五段④句：When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two(當我們中越來越多的人擁有學位時，擁有兩個學位是明智的)，結合②句it pays to have specific knowledge or skills(擁有特定的知識或技能是值得的)可知，作者建議有一個學位的人在特定領域繼續進修深造。D項further their studies in a specific field(在特定領域繼續進修深造)是對②句和④句的概括總結。所以本題選D。
30.【答案】[A] Lifelong learning will define them.
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Generation Z和the last two paragraph定位到第六段①句：they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable(他們需要在整個職業生涯中不斷提升技能，以保持就業能力)，結合③句Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory(教育以及不僅僅是在校園裏獲得的知識，將成爲Z世代職業軌跡的核心部分)可知，Z世代將終身學習。A項Lifelong learning will define them(終身學習將是他們的特徵)是對①句和③句的概括總結。所以本題選A。
Text 3
31.【答案】[B] received favorable responses
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Paragraph 1和art-science collaborations定位到第一段②句，②句句首These指代①句中的四個形容詞，故而可繼續定位至①句。①②句指出Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun … were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations(啓發、挑戰、刺激、有趣……是《自然》雜誌的讀者用來描述他們的藝術與科學合作經歷的一些詞彙)，下文③句繼而指出Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to … almost all said they would consider doing so in future(在350名左右的受訪者中，近40%的人表示……幾乎所有人都說他們將來會考慮這樣做)。由此可知，《自然》雜誌收到的讀者對於藝術和科學合作的反應都是正面的。B項received favorable responses(收到了良好的反應)是對第一段①②③句的概括總結。所以本題選B。
32.【答案】[A] art can offer audiences easy access to science
【解析】本題爲例證題。根據題幹關鍵詞The reworked version of The Four Seasons定位到例子所在句，即第三段①句。再找到前面的論點句(第二段③句)：Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning(藝術家幫助科學家接觸到更廣泛的觀衆，並建立情感聯繫，從而促進學習)。A項art can offer audiences easy access to science(藝術可以讓觀衆很容易地接觸到科學)是對該句的概括總結。所以本題選A。
33.【答案】[A] their role may be underestimated
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership定位到第四段①②③句(③句中的Their指代artists’)。②句指出several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements(一些受訪者指出，藝術家不僅僅是幫助科學家滿足他們的傳播需求)，其中several respondents指代artists，③句繼而指出Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study(他們的工作也不應僅僅被視爲研究對象)。可見藝術家在強調自己的作用被低估了。A項their role may be underestimated(他們的作用可能被低估了)是對②③句的合理推斷。所以本題選A。
34.【答案】[B] It exemplified the valuable art-science alliances.
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞CAVS定位到第五段①句。該句無法解題，需結合上下文。第四段④句指出The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project …(當科學家和藝術家在一個項目中擁有共同的利益……時，這個聯盟是最有價值的);第五段①句繼而介紹了“探索技術在文化中的作用”的CAVS研究中心，第五段③句介紹該研究中心的項目內容Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in(光是藝術家和科學家都感興趣的東西)，符合第四段④句所提出的聯盟最有價值的條件——“科學家和藝術家在一個項目中擁有共同的利益”，故該研究中心是最有價值的藝術家和科學家的聯盟。B項It exemplified the valuable art-science alliances(它體現了藝術與科學有價值的聯盟)是對第五段提及CAVS的作用的概括總結，所以本題選B。
35.【答案】[C] should do more than communicating science
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞the last paragraph和art-science collaborations定位到第六段②句(其中collaborations對應tie-ups)：The reach of art-science tie-ups need to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication(藝術與科學的聯繫需要超越傳播科學研究這一必要目的)。C項should do more than communicating science(應該做的不僅僅是傳播科學)是對need to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication的同義替換。所以本題選C。
Text 4
36.【答案】[D] protect the rights of ordinary workers
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞personal grievance和are intended to定位到第二段①句(其中are intended to對應were designed to)：Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”(個人申訴程序旨在保護普通員工免於遭受“不正當的解僱”)。D項protect the rights of ordinary workers(保護普通員工的權益)是對①句中guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”的概括總結，其中guard對應protect，ordinary workers爲原詞復現。所以本題選D。
37.【答案】[A] hinder business development
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞Paragraph 3和provisions定位到第三段①句：But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives(但當這些規定適用於高薪經理和主管時，會給企業帶來困難)，該句無法解題，需結合下文。第三段②句指出As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance(正如無數的董事會和企業主將證明的那樣，限制企業解僱表現不佳的高薪經理，會阻礙企業提高生產率和整體業績)，A項hinder business development(阻礙企業發展)是對①句中create difficulties for businesses和②句中a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance的概括總結。所以本題選A。
38.【答案】[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞the Productivity Commission定位到第五段②句：Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country’s poor productivity growth record(事實上，在《關於新西蘭生產率悖論的國際視角》中，生產力委員會指出，管理能力的低下是該國生產率增長記錄不佳的一個原因)，由此可推知，生產力委員會可能會支持解僱表現不佳的經理，D項Dismissing poorly performing managers(解僱表現不佳的經理)是對②句內容的適度推斷。所以本題選D。
39.【答案】[B] Employees suffer from salary cuts.
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures定位到第六段①句：Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures(高薪經理自身也無法免受僱傭關係法中不正當解僱程序所造成的傷害)。該句無法解題，需繼續看下文。②③句進一步解釋①句，闡述不正當解僱程序對經理的不利影響。④句And之後補充解釋不正當解僱程序對於員工的影響，即firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong(企業支付給員工更少的工資，因爲企業承擔了僱傭安排出差錯的責任)，B項Employees suffer from salary cuts(員工被降薪)是對④句中firms pay staff less的同義替換。所以本題選B。
40.【答案】[D] is difficult to put into practice
【解析】本題爲細節題。根據題幹關鍵詞the “high-income threshold” in Australia定位到第八段①句：Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws(澳大利亞應對不正當解僱悖論的辦法是，將收入超過特定“高收入門檻”的員工排除在該國不正當解僱法的保護範圍之外)，該句無法解題，需繼續看下文。第八段③句指出However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year(然而，上述提出的機制太過複雜，難以實行，新西蘭的法案也在當年晚些時候在政府換屆後被投票否決)，D項is difficult to put into practice(難以付諸實施)是對③句中the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy的適度推斷。所以本題選D。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part B
題目要求暫無，需要考生總結人物觀點然後選擇正確選項，類似英語二信息匹配題。
(41)Teri Byrd
I am a veterinarian who was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years before obtaining my veterinary degree. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions to animal research or conservation. They are profitable institutions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.
Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate exercise. Animals end up stressed and unhealthy or dead. It’s past time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.
(42)Karen R. Sime
As a zoology professor and, thanks to my kids, a frequent zoo visitor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.
The zoology program at my State University of New York campus attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. They also get to meet adults who have turned their love for animals into a career, and with whom they can identify. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.
(43)Greg Newberry
Emma Marris’ article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate, dedicated people who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. Ms. Marris uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organizations committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.
Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies? Of course. But they are the exception, not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.
(44)Dean Gallea
As a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creatures close to home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out, disturb and even hunt them down.
Zoos are, in that sense, similar to natural history and archaeology museums, serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.
(45)John Fraser
Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature, and the data points extracted from our studies do not, in any way, discount what is learned in a zoo visit.
Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon, to better understand the natural world we live in.
41. _______
42. _______
43. _______
44. _______
45. _______
[A] Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.
[B] To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.
[C] While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.
[D] Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.
[E] For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.
[F] Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ well-being.
[G] Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.
答案：
41. [F]
42. [C]
43. [A]
44. [D]
45. [G]
41.【答案】[F] Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ well-being.
【解析】本題需要總結Teri Byrd的觀點，觀點句一般會在轉折句、首句和末句。結合第一段末句They are profitable institutions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals(它們是貪圖利潤的機構，其盈虧底線遠比動物的生存狀況重要得多)和第二段的末句it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture(早該將動物園從文化中移除出去了)，Teri Byrd建議關停動物園，因爲他們優先考慮錢，而不是動物的健康，故本題答案爲F項。
42.【答案】[C] While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.
【解析】本題需要總結Karen R. Sime的觀點，觀點句一般會在轉折句、首句和末句。優先看轉折，第一段末句也是轉折句But she underestimates the educational value of zoos(但她低估了動物園的教育價值)，說明Sime更看重動物園的教育意義，故本題答案爲C項。
43.【答案】[A] Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to unfair criticism.
【解析】本題需要總結Greg Newberry的觀點，觀點句一般會在轉折句、首句和末句。優先看轉折，第二段④句是轉折句，But they are the exception, not the norm that Ms. Marris implies(但是悲劇[they指代上一句中的tragedies]是例外情況，而不是is暗指的一直在發生的事情)，可初步判斷Newberry不同意Mr. Marries的觀點，需要進一步尋找Mr. Marries的觀點，在第一段Emma Marris’ article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate, dedicated people who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet(Emma Marris的文章是對成千上萬充滿激情和奉獻精神的人們的侮辱和傷害，他們不知疲倦地努力改善動物的生活和保護我們的地球)，由此可知，Newberry認爲Emma Marris用莫須有的罪名指責動物園的工作者，故本題答案爲A項。
44.【答案】[D] Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.
【解析】本題需要總結Dean Gallea的觀點，觀點句一般會在轉折句、首句和末句。優先看轉折，第一段②句But I believe that well-run zoos ... do serve a higher purpose(但我相信運營良好的動物園……確實爲一個更高的目標服務)，下文③句具體闡釋“更高的目標”即如果沒有動物園，很多人會被好奇心驅使，然後去野外尋找、打擾甚至捕捉野生動物。故本題答案爲D項。
45.【答案】[G] Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.
【解析】本題需要總結John Fraser的觀點，觀點句一般會在轉折句、首句和末句。本題無轉折，可首先看第一段首句Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research(Emma Marris有選擇地描述和歪曲我們的研究結果)，對應G項的Marris distorts our findings(Marris曲解了我們的研究)，故本題答案爲G項。
