備考題一：
假如世界沒有石油
you everstopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil? Take alook at your day. The roof of your home is probably made waterproof by an oilproduct,bitumen. The same product is used for the road surface outside yourhome. Before you leave to go to work or school,just examine your the room warmer than the cold air outside? Oil,or electricity from oil-fedgenerators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool ina tropical climate,your air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fedgenerators.
1.你曾想過沒有，如果世界上用盡了石油，你的生活會發生什麼樣變化呢?請看一看你的日常生活。你家的屋頂可能是用一種叫瀝青的石油產品做成防水的。瀝青同樣可用來鋪你家外面的路面。在你離家去上班或上學之前，請觀察一下你周圍的環境。房間裏會比外面冷空氣暖和嗎?這是石油或由燃油發電機發出來的電使你感到舒適溫暖。如果你在炎熱的氣候裏感到舒適涼爽，那麼你家的空調器可能也是靠燃油發電機工作的。
the kitchenand the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings such as tiles andworking surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from synthetic materials;disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the oil known aspetroleum (Latin/Greek 'petra',rock,andLatin 'oleum',oil),found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboardfor more petroleum products,medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmeticssuch as face creams,lipsticks and hair preparations are often based onpetroleum.
2、在廚房和浴室裏你可能看到一些塑料器具，如塑料地板和塑料操作檯面、聚苯乙烯杯子、合成材料的浴簾、消毒劑和去污劑。所有這些都是來自稱爲“Petroleum”的石油。“Petroleum”(石油)是(由拉丁或希臘文"petro"(岩石)和拉丁文"oleum"(油)組成)，深埋在地下。向藥廚裏看看，你可以找到更多的石油產品，如藥用石蠟和凡士林。化妝品如雪花膏、脣膏、洗髮劑等，常用石油作爲基本原料。
you'reout,notice the fields and gardens. Fertilizers and insecticides made frompetroleum can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for animals havebeen developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock. As you head foryour bus,train or car,all of which use petroleum products in the form of fuelto move them and lubricants to keep them in working order,take a look in themirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or dress,nylon socks orstockings,and acrylic sweater-a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl chloride)? All ofthese are based on petroleum products.
3、當外出時你會看到農田和花園。化肥和殺蟲劑是由石油製取的，可以使農作物增產。最近已經研製出一種動物食用的蛋白質飼料，它是用石油作爲基本原料加上酵母而製成的。公共汽車、貨車或小轎車，都是靠石油產品作燃料開動的，用潤滑油保持這些車輛正常工作。當你去乘車之前要照一照鏡子。看看今天穿什麼衣服好?是化纖服裝(襯衫還是外套)，是尼龍襪(短襪還是長襪)，晴綸毛衣還是塑料雨衣?而所有這些都是用石油產品作原料的。
4. Scientists predict that the world's knownoil resources will run out early in the next century. But long before then theworld will have to decide on its priorities. Can we afford to use so much ofour limited petroleum supplies for private motoring? Should airlines compete onsimilar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passengerseats? What alternative energy resources can be developed? 4、科學家預言世界上已探明的石油資源將在下個世紀初用盡。但遠在那時候以前，世界就必須確定石油是優先考慮控制使用的物資。石油儲量既然有限，我們還能把那麼多的石油用於私人汽車嗎?難道航空公司還應該爲了在類似的航線上競爭而允許他們的客機有空座的長途飛行嗎?能開發出什麼樣的替代能源呢?
5. There is an oldEnglish saying,"Necessity is the mother of invention," which meansthat when you are faced with a need you will discover some way of fulfillingit. Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions. There is onesuggestion that the wheeled traffic and the footsteps of crowds walking thestreets in major cities could generate energy. One company has presented anidea in which metal strips inserted in pavements and roads operate fly wheelsby means of a piston action using hydraulic fluid. They say the human andwheeled traffic in a busy city center could provide enough energy to light thestreets of an entire town or power the heating system for a hospital or people are developing sophisticated versions of the windmill. Engines canrun on alcohol,so surplus sugar cane could be used to produce energy. An airship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. Such "sunship" would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous numberof solar cells necessary to move any appreciable load. Such "sunship" might travel at over one hundred kilometers an hour. In such circumstances,ofcourse,the tropical parts of the world would have a head start in the race tofind new energy sources.
5、英國有一句古話“需要是發明之母”。這意味着當你面對一種需要時，你將發現一種方法滿足它。科學家們已經在提出一些迷人的解決方案。有一個建議提出，在大城市街道上，擁擠的人羣走的腳步和路面上往來行使的車輛可以用來生產能量。一個公司提出這樣想法：嵌在人行道和路面上的金屬條用液壓活塞的作用使飛輪轉動。他們說，在繁華大城市的中心，人羣和過往車輛可提供足夠的能量爲整個城鎮的街道照明或者爲一個醫院或學校提供供暖系統的動力。某些人正在研製高級的風車技術。發動機可用乙醇作燃料開動，因此，過剩的甘蔗可用來產生能量。還有人建議用太陽能作動力來驅使飛艇。這種“太陽能飛艇”必須要很大的面積以攜帶大量的太陽能電池，這樣纔有可能運載可觀的載荷。這種“太陽能飛艇”也許每小時能航行100多公里。當然倘若這樣，世界的熱帶地區在尋找新能源的競賽中將會領先一步。
All That Jazz
關乎爵士樂
1. Have you everheard the expression, “— and all that Jazz”? When people say that today, it’sslang which means much the same thing as et cetera or “and so forth.” You mayuse it yourself. Jazz, it seems, has had quite a few meanings. Through the historyof jazz, it has meant many different kinds of music to many different people.
1. 你聽過這種說法嗎，“像爵士樂一般，諸如此類的東西”? 現在人們把它用作俚語，意思和“等等”，“以此類推”類似。你自己可能就用過這個詞。爵士樂似乎有多種含義，縱覽其發展史，對不同人羣來說爵士樂意味着不同的音樂形式。
2. It’s interestingto know that jazz was first spelled a different way — jass. At that time, itreferred to the old New Orleansstyle of music. This music came from the Negro religious songs and songs ofcelebration. One major part of the music was its beat, of course. Another, andsometimes more important part, was the way in which the music was played. Itwas like a conversation. You can’t always tell what’s coming next during a talkwith some friends. The New Orleansmusicians were like that. They took a tune and played what came into theirminds, just as you say what comes into your mind in a conversation.
2. 有趣的是，爵士樂(jazz)最初拼寫爲——jass，它是一種古老的新奧爾良風格的音樂，發源於黑人的宗教和慶典音樂。其主要特徵當然是它獨特的節奏，而另一個特徵也許更爲重要，那就是像談話一樣的演奏方式。和朋友聊天時，你不可能總是去想下一個話題是什麼。新奧爾良的音樂人們就是這樣演奏的——先定個調，然後演奏出心中涌出音符，就像聊天時隨口說出那些涌入腦中的話。
3. These earlymusical groups were very small in comparison to the big bands that formedlater. At times two rival groups of musicians would stage a “cutting session.”It was a sort of musical fight. Whichever group could outlast the other was thewinner. If they both lasted as well, the better group would probably be chosenby the audience. Of course, the battle had advertising value too.
3. 較之後來的樂隊，早期的音樂組合規模比較小。有時兩個互相較量的樂隊會登臺進行一場“淘汰賽”，就像音樂擂臺，能夠唱到最後的樂隊就是勝者。如果不分勝負，就會由觀衆選出表現更好的樂隊。當然，這種擂臺賽也非常具有廣告價值。
4. This music laterbecame known as Dixieland, a term you have probably heard before. There aredifferent styles of Dixieland. We have mentioned the New Orleans style, which was popular at theend of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. As the fame ofthe music spread up the Mississippi River, a style called the Chicago style developed. Later, we hear ofthe New Yorkstyle. If you get a chance to listen to these types of music carefully, you canhear the difference.
4. 後來這種音樂被稱作“迪克西蘭爵士樂(Dixieland)”，這是人們所熟知的。當然，迪克西蘭爵士還有許多不同的風格。上面提到的新奧爾良風格在十九世紀末和二十世紀初非常流行。當這種音樂風格蜚聲密西西比河流域時，另一種芝加哥風格的爵士樂悄然出現了，後來還有了我們所熟知的紐約風格。當你靜聽這些爵士樂時，一定能品味出它們之間的不同。
5. We’ve talkedabout the early days of jazz, but just what is it? Generally, it consists ofthe beat we mentioned before. It should have some “make it up as you go along”music, too. This is the reason for many arguments among jazz lovers. When Swingcame along near the 1930s, we saw big bands playing music that had already beenwritten out for them. Some argued that this was not really jazz. At any rate,the King of Swing, Benny Goodman, certainly pleased many people with his bigband. His jazz (or Swing) really hit the big time in 1938. In January of thatyear, his orchestra played a jazz concert in New York’s Carnegie Hall. The concert hallusually booked operas and symphonies. On that evening, it was treated to theblare of trumpets and the crashing, jumping music of the Goodman ily, the concert was recorded; so it can still be heard.
5. 以上我們談到了爵士樂的早期發展，但它到底是什麼? 一般來說，爵士樂應該包含上文提到過的獨特節奏，還有那種“一邊演奏一邊即興發揮”的演奏形式。但這也造成了爵士樂迷之間的很多爭論。當搖擺樂(Swing)在二十世紀三十年代出現時，許多大型樂隊演奏的音樂是事先創作好的，因此有人質疑它不是真正的爵士。但不論怎樣，班尼•古德曼(BennyGoodman) 的確用他的大型爵士樂隊讓衆多觀衆獲得愉悅的感受，他的爵士(或搖擺樂)在1938年取得了巨大成功。那年的1月，他的管絃樂隊在紐約的卡耐基音樂廳舉行了一場爵士音樂會;通常這座音樂廳只舉辦歌劇和交響樂音樂會，而那天晚上，整個音樂廳流淌出小號的嘟嘟聲以及古德曼樂隊演奏出的強烈而具跳躍性的音樂。幸運的是，這場音樂會被錄了音，直到現在我們仍然能幸運地欣賞到它。
6. From the Goodmanorchestra came many great musicians, some of whom formed their own aps two of the best known are Harry James and Gene Krupa. Goodman himselfplayed at the World’s Fair in Brussels, Belgium, andalong with James and Krupa achieved life-long fame.
6. 從古德曼樂團走出了許多偉大的音樂人，其中一些還組織了自己的樂團。他們之中最著名的是哈里•詹姆斯和吉恩•克魯帕二位。古德曼本人曾在比利時布魯塞爾的世界博覽會上演奏，與詹姆士和克魯帕一樣獲得終身的盛譽。
7. Now we come tothe 1940s，when a music called “BeBop” was invented. It didn’t last too long, butit was fun. This was very strange music, unlike much of what had gone beforeit. Many of these musicians did not like Swing or Dixieland; so they thoughtthat they had to do things in a completely different way. Sometimes the musicthey played did not really sound like music at all, but at least they werebeing “different.”
7. 現在，讓我們來到二十世紀四十年代。此時一種叫“比波普(BeBop)”的爵士樂出現了，儘管它流行的時間不長，但卻非常有趣。它曲風獨特，與以前的大不相同。這種類型的音樂人不喜歡搖擺樂或迪克西蘭風格，因此他們決心創造一種完全不同的音樂。有時他們演奏的甚至不能稱之爲音樂，但至少他們做到了與衆不同。
8. From all thesekinds of music, we come to the present. Today we still have Dixieland, and atype of big-band Swing, although that term is not used so much. We have thesmall groups of jazzmen with us, too. They play the modern jazz that grew fromthe music of the early 1940s and 1950s. There are many different styles andindividuals playing this kind of jazz today.
8. 經歷種種不同的音樂形式，我們來到現代。儘管這些名詞已經淡出人們視線，但今天我們仍然聽迪克西蘭和大樂隊演奏的搖擺樂，在我們身邊仍有許許多多的小型爵士樂隊。他們演奏的現代爵士發源於二十世紀四十年代早期和五十年代的音樂，它形式多樣，直到今天仍然有人在演奏。
9. Jazz is anAmerican art form. It is considered art by many, and it developed only in the past few decades, it has become popular all over the world. Famous jazzmusicians from Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington to Chuck Mangione and WyntonMarsalis have performed all over the world, from Europe to Asia to the Middle East. Jazz has come a long way from the original New Orleans marchingmusic.
9. 爵士是一種純美國的藝術形式。儘管被普遍認可，但它發展成熟於美國。在過去的幾十年中，它在全世界流行起來，著名的爵士音樂家，從路易斯•阿姆斯特朗(Louis Armstrong)、艾靈頓公爵(Duke Ellington)到查克•曼卓林(Chuck Mangione)和文頓•馬沙利斯(Wynton Marsalis)等都曾經進行全球巡演，從歐洲到亞洲，再到中東。現在的爵士樂已經得到了長足的發展，已不再是最初的新奧爾良風格的進行曲。
Wordsand Expressions
big time n.第一流，最高級，歡樂時刻，愉快的時光
swing [swiŋ] v.搖擺，擺動，迴轉，旋轉n.鞦韆，搖擺，擺動
trumpet ['trʌmpit] n.喇叭
crashing ['kræʃiŋ] adj.絕對的，非凡的，徹底的
Germanic Languages日耳曼語系 <原20>
people haveheard of the Tower of Babel story in theBible. According to this story,long ago all people spoke the same r,however,they were punished by speaking a great number of differenttongues. Today,there are literally thousands of different languages (defined asmutually unintelligible tongues) around the world,though many are related toone another. Indeed,the two largest language families,the Indo-European (thelanguage family with the largest number of speakers) and Sino-Tibetan(containing the Chinese languages,Thai,Vietnamese,and Tibetan) include hundredsof languages with over half the world's population.
1.大多數的人都聽說過聖經中巴別塔的故事。故事稱很久以前，人們說的是同一種語言。但是，後來人們遭受懲罰，而開始說各種不同的語言。今天，全世界真是有好幾千種不同的語言(此處指的是彼此無法相通的語言)，雖然其中語言彼此都有所關聯。的確，這兩個最大的語系，印歐語系(最多人使用的語系)和漢藏語系(包括華語、泰語、越語和西藏語)，涵蓋了幾百種不同的語言，使用者也超過了全世界半數的人口。
use there are so many languages withinthe above two super-categories of language families,linguists have furtherdivided these linguistically rich and geographically diverse families intosub-groups,one of which,the Germanic language group,has the second-largestnumber of speakers (Chinese being first). Within this group of over 500,000,000speakers is the world's foremost international language,English,foremost interms of its geographic spread and number of second-language an,spoken by just over 100,000,000 people,is one of the world's ten-largestlanguages in terms of population. As English and German speakers constitute themajorities in several of the world's most economically,militarily,andtechnologically developed countries,it is important to be familiar with thisparticular language grouping.
2.就因爲有太多的語言涵蓋於上述的兩個超級語系，語言學家就進一步的把這兩種語言豐富、地理涵蓋範圍非常廣的語系再區分爲幾種不同的次級語系，其中的1個就是日耳曼語系，使用這個語系的人數在所有語系中排名第二位(第一位爲華語)。在這個有5億多人口使用的語系中，包括了世界最重要的國際語言，那就是英語。英語之所以稱得上是最重要的語言乃因使用的地區很廣，且把英語當作第二種語言使用的人口亦很多。有1億多人操德語，故就人口而言，德語是世界十大語言之一。由於使用英語和德語的人口在幾個經濟、軍事和科技先進的國家中佔絕大比例，因此熟悉日耳曼語系的來龍去脈是很重要的。
uists furtherdivide the Germanic languages into three groups,two extant and one Germanic languages are no longer spoken; Gothic is an example of thissmall and historic grouping. Afrikaans,Dutch,English,Flemish,and German are themore important languages within the West Germanic grouping. The Scandinavianlanguages of Danish,Icelandic,Norwegian,and Swedish comprise the North Germanicgrouping. Though these languages cannot be easily understood among theirdifferent speakers,the similarities in vocabulary are striking.
3.語言學家又進一步地把日耳曼語系分成3個支系，其中兩個支系至今仍然存在，另1個支系，也就是東日爾曼語，因無人使用而已不復存。歌德語就屬於這種使用者不多但歷史悠久的語系。南非荷蘭語、荷蘭語、英語、佛蘭芝語、及德語則屬西日耳曼語的幾個重要語言。丹麥語、冰島語、挪威語及瑞典語等北歐語系則屬北日耳曼語系。雖然這些不同語言使用者彼此不易溝通，不過詞彙的雷同處卻很明顯。
for example the two largest languageswith this group,English and German. The word Haus in German is house inEnglish,with nearly the same pronunciation. Some names of German family membersare instantly recognizable to English listeners and readers: Mutter,Bruder,andOnkel for the English mother,brother,and uncle (all German nouns arecapitalized in print). Other German family members are easily learned:Vater,Schwester,and Tante for the English father,sister,and aunt. Thus,thosewho know English and want to study German find their first year of learningvocabulary to be relatively easy. The same is true,of course,for those who wantto learn Dutch or Danish from an English or German background; these manysimilarities are due to the single common parent language of all the Germanictongues,even though this "grandfather" language no longer exists.
4.就拿日耳曼語系中英語及德語兩大語言來說吧，德文的Haus 就是英文的house,發音幾乎完全相同。一些德語家庭成員的稱呼如：Mutter,Bruder 和Onkel,懂英語的人很快地就知道這些字指的就是mother,bother 和uncle(德文的名詞一律大寫)。其它有關家庭成員名稱的德語說法也很容易學：像Vater,Schwester 和Tante 在英文裏指的就是father,sister 和aunt。因此懂英語而想學德語的人，會發現初學詞彙的第一年是很容易的一件事。當然，具有英語和德語背景的人要學丹麥語和荷蘭語也同樣是件易事。這些相似處乃因所有日耳曼語系皆源自共同的母語，儘管這個“爺爺級”的語言已不復存。
kers andwriters of the Germanic languages account for a great deal ofthe world's outputin everything from economics to literature to military to scienceandtechnology. Hardly an aspect of modern life does not benefit fromthecontributions made by those using these languages,as in theInternet,Hollywoodentertainment,Dutch (Phillips) and Scandinavian consumergoods design(Ericsson,maker of cellular phones,is a Swedish company,as areVolvo and Saab),and even the Nobel prizes (awarded by both Norwegian andSwedish institutes) than one-third of the world's economic productionoriginates in thesecountries,too.
5.全球舉凡經濟、文學、軍事乃至科技等方面的產品，有很多都是使用日耳曼語系的人所生產的。現代生活幾乎各方面無不受益於這些人的貢獻，譬如互聯網絡，好萊塢娛樂事業，荷蘭(菲利普公司)和北歐的消費品設計(生產手機的愛利信公司就是瑞典的一家公司、富豪及紳寶汽車亦是瑞典的公司)，甚至諾貝爾獎(由挪威及瑞典學術機構頒發)。全世界的經濟生產量有超過三分之一也是源自這些國家。
any speaker of a language outside theGermanic language grouppreparing to choose a useful second language for thefuture,English is probablythe best bet. German,too,is very useful in the fieldsof medicine,economics,military,and science and technology. Being able tocommunicate with others inthis far-reaching linguistic group will offer theuser immeasurable benefits.
6.對於那些非使用日耳曼語系的人而言，爲了前途而準備要選修第二種語言時，英文很可能是最佳的選擇。在醫學、經濟、軍事和科技方面，德語也是一樣管用。日耳曼語系影響深遠，若能使用這種語言與該語系的人溝通將會帶來莫大的好處。
