模擬題一：
痛感反應
1. Of all the bodysenses, pain is perhaps the most vital because it warns of bodily injury andtriggers protective reflexes. But not always.
1. 疼痛也許是身體的感覺之中最重要的，因爲它可以警示身體受到的傷害並且引發身體的保護性反射。但情況並非總是如此。
2. Drs. F. R. Fordand Lawson Wilkins of Johns Hopkins Hospitalhave reported cases of persons being born without pain sensibility. A personwho does not feel pain will not jerk his hand away from a flame. He won’t knowhe’s been cut unless he sees his blood. If he gets a cinder in his eye, hewon’t know it is there.
2. 約翰霍普金斯醫院(JohnsHopkins Hospital) F • R •福特博士(Drs.F. R. Ford)和勞森•威爾金斯博士(Lawson Wilkins)曾經報告過天生就沒有痛感的病例。當觸碰到火焰時，沒有痛感的人不會把手縮回來，他要看到流血才知道自己受了傷，他甚至感覺不到眼睛裏進了灰塵。
3. Normally, such anecessary sensation as pain might be expected to be proportional to the extentof injury. But pain — a very personal experience — is modified by a person’sexperience, heredity, mood, and emotional state.
3. 正常情況下，類似疼痛這樣必需的感覺會根據受傷的程度分成不同級別。但是疼痛是非常個人的感受——它會根據經驗、遺傳、心情甚至興奮狀態而改變。
4. Drs. W. man and C. M. Jones of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, have foundnot only that the intensity level, or threshold, at which pain is felt variesfrom person to person but also that there are also variations in the thresholdof the same person at different times. They discovered that persons deprived ofsleep to the point of extreme fatigue have lower than normal pain thresholds.
4. 位於波士頓的麻省綜合醫院的W• P •查普曼醫生和C • M •瓊斯醫生髮現，不同人的感覺疼痛的強度值/臨界值互不相同，甚至同一個人的臨界值也由於時間不同而變化。他們發現，被剝奪睡眠處於極度疲勞的人的臨界值要比正常的疼痛臨界值低。
5. E. Libman,another investigator, discovered that American Indians did not perceive pain atthresholds as low as did Caucasian Americans. Even ignoring culturalconditioning, this fact may help to substantiate the many stories of theAmerican Indians’ remarkable ability to endure great pain.
5. 另一位研究者，E •利布曼發現，美國印第安人感覺疼痛的臨界值不像高加索美國人那麼低。拋開文化因素，這一事實足以證明許多傳說中美國印第安人那非凡的忍受疼痛的能力。
6. Response to painappears to be part of the learning process. Dr. Ronald Melzack and William pson of McGill University, Montreal, Canada, havingraised animals in isolation, thus depriving them of the normal bumps and painsof growing up, noted that the animals did not respond normally to pain whenfully grown. Although nothing was wrong with their central nervous systems,they would not withdraw their noses from flaming matches held in front of did they seem to realize that pain warned of damage to their bodies.
6. 對疼痛的反應似乎是學習過程的一部分。位於加拿大蒙特利爾的麥吉爾大學的羅納德•梅爾扎克博士和威廉姆• R •湯普森博士將動物隔離圈養，不讓它們互相磕碰，避免它們在成長過程中感覺到疼痛。他們注意到，這些動物長大後對疼痛不能做出正常的反應。儘管它們的中樞神經系統沒有問題，但當燃燒的火柴放到它們面前時，它們不會把頭縮回去，也意識不到疼痛所帶來的身體受到傷害的警告。
7. And of course,there is the well-known experiment carried out by Pavlov. He found that when hefed dogs immediately after giving them painful stimuli they soon responded tothe pain with signs of pleasure. It seems we have to learn to respond to pain'swarning with proper protective reflexes.
7. 當然，還有巴普洛夫那個著名的試驗。他發現給狗一個疼痛的刺激之後馬上給它餵食，狗隨後會對疼痛產生快樂的反應。看起來,我們需要學習用正確的保護性反射對疼痛的警告做出反應。
8. Visceral painoffers another example of the part experience plays in the recognition of andresponse to pain. Of the three major types of pain — superficial pain from theskin, deep pain from the muscles and joints, and visceral pain — only visceralpain is not rather carefully localized.
8. 內臟疼痛爲個別經驗在疼痛的識別和反應上又給出一個例子。疼痛有三種類型——來自皮膚的表面疼痛，來自肌肉和關節的深度疼痛，還有內臟疼痛。只有內臟疼痛不能被精確定位。
9. Often, visceralpain may feel as if it has come from another part of the body. It may seem tocome from the skin or deep muscles of the place to which it is referred. Forexample，pain in the heart may be felt on the inner surface of the left arm.
9. 內臟疼痛往往會讓人產生錯覺，讓人覺得痛感是來自身體的其它部分，似乎來自於它對應的皮膚或深層的肌肉。例如，心臟疼痛會反映在左臂內表皮上。
10. This occursbecause localization of pain is also partly learned. We feel pain whereexperience has taught we usually can expect to feel pain. The nerve fibers makechains of connections all the way up the spinal cord to the brain.
10. 這是因爲疼痛的定位在一定程度上也是需要習得的。我們感覺到的疼痛往往是經驗告訴我們在這種情況下應該感覺到疼痛，因爲神經纖維形成了許多的連接鏈，通過脊髓連接到大腦。
11. The nerve fiberof the viscera makes a connection with a nerve cell in the chain which is alsoended on by a nerve fiber from a superficial bodily structure. The nerve cellon which both these fibers end transmits pain impulses from both thesuperficial and deep structures. But since we normally expect to feel pain fromthe outside, the brain interprets all impulses traveling over the secondarynerve fiber as if they came from the outside.
11. 內臟的神經纖維與一個神經鏈上的神經細胞相連接，這條神經鏈的末端又與身體表面結構的神經纖維相連。連接兩個纖維的神經細胞可以從表層和深層結構兩方面傳輸疼痛脈衝。但通常我們會認爲疼感來自於外部，因此大腦會把所有通過次級神經纖維傳遞的脈衝都解釋爲來自於外部。
12. If a person’sconcentration is focused on something strongly enough, he may not even feelpain. This is the basis for hypnosis. The patient is taught to concentrate sodeeply that his mind screens out all sensation — he can even undergo minorsurgery without pain. The athlete who plays out a game unaware that he isinjured is a more familiar example of the way intense concentration canminimize pain perception.
12. —個精神高度集中的人可能感覺不到疼痛，這就是催眠的基礎。當一個病人高度集中注意力，他的大腦就會屏蔽掉所有的感覺——甚至可以毫無痛感地進行小手術。運動員在比賽時對自己受傷毫無察覺，這也是高度集中注意力可以減輕疼痛的例子。
13. After World WarII, Henry K. Beecher of Harvard Medical Schoolreported evidence that men in battle may suffer terrible wounds, not be inshock, and yet show few signs of pain. On the other hand, civilians withsimilar injuries will complain bitterly and beg for morphine. The differenceseems to be one of attitude in this case. For the soldier, the wound is a“reward,” because it removed him from death. For the civilian, the wound is acalamity.
13. 二戰以後，哈佛醫學院的亨利•比徹提出了一些證據，證明一些人在戰鬥中多處受重傷甚至休克，但他們很少感覺到疼痛。而另一方面，受了類似傷的平民們卻不停地喊疼，向醫生要嗎啡止疼。這種差異似乎源自於他們對此的態度。對於戰士來說，受傷是一種“獎賞”，使他們免受一死;而對平民來說受傷則是一件不幸之事。
14. The nerveendings which carry pain impulses are found throughout the body. The nervesenter the spinal cord and travel up to the brain, where the impulses they carryare interpreted.
14. 能夠傳輸疼痛脈衝的神經末梢遍佈全身，神經進入脊髓並聯通到大腦，然後大腦對這些刺激進行解釋。
15. Other nervefibers run down from the memory-storing areas of the brain and make connectionswith the pain fibers in the cord. These fibers serve either to inhibit oramplify the original message. Thus they are the means by which memories of pastexperiences can intensify pain.
15. 另一些神經纖維從大腦的記憶存儲區下行，與脊髓內的痛覺纖維連接，他們既能夠抑制也能增強原始信息，在它們的作用下，過去經驗的記憶就能夠使疼痛感增強。
16. In the case ofhypnosis, the inhibiting fibers would screen out many of the pain impulses toprotect the state of concentration.
16. 就催眠的例子而言，起抑制作用的神經纖維可以屏蔽掉大量的疼痛刺激，從而保護意識專注的狀態不被破壞。
17. Pain responsescan be stimulated with several types of energy — electrical, mechanical,extremes of heat or cold, and chemical. Earlier, scientists thought there was aspecial nerve ending which transmitted only one type of energy message — onefor heat, one for cold, etc. Most recent research suggests the same nerveendings react to several kinds of stimulation.
17. 有幾種能量可以刺激對疼痛的反應——電擊、機械力、極冷或極熱以及化學藥品。過去的科學家認爲專化神經末梢只能傳輸一種能量信息，例如: 一種傳播熱，一種傳播冷，等等。但最近的研究卻表明，相同的神經末梢能夠對不同的刺激做出反應。
18. According toDr. Donald Ford, Downstate Medical Center,Brooklyn, New York, the same nerve ending that carries warmthmessages which are pleasant, may also carry pain messages if the heat isincreased. In actual tissue damage, Dr. Ford holds, a chemical substance isreleased which stimulates the nerve endings to transmit pain impulses.
18. 位於紐約布魯克林的唐斯泰特醫學中心的唐納德•福特(Donald Ford) 博士認爲，當熱量增加時，一些傳輸令人愉悅的溫暖信息的神經末梢也可以 傳輸疼痛信息。他解釋說，當有組織受到損傷時，一種能夠刺激神經末梢傳輸疼痛脈衝的化學物質就會釋放出來。
19. The late SirThomas Lewis, English neurologist, reported many experiments designed toimplicate a chemical mediator of pain impulses.
19. 後來的英國祌經學家托馬斯•萊維斯爵士也報告了多項測試疼痛脈衝的化學介質的試驗。
20. In one such experiment,a blood pressure cuff was inflated around a volunteer’s upper arm so that noblood could flow below the cuff. Painful stimuli were given to the hand. Thesestimuli aroused feelings which, normally, lasted only one or two seconds.
20. 其中一個試驗是這樣的。用血壓計的袖帶套住志願者的上臂，使得血液無法流到小臂。此時對手給予疼痛刺激。正常情況下這類刺激引起的痛感只能持續一到兩秒鐘。
21. As long as thepressure cuff was inflated, however, the pain continued to be felt. When thecuff was deflated and blood rushed into the lower arm, the pain disappearedwithin one or two seconds.
21. 然而，只要袖帶的壓力持續膨脹，疼痛就會持續;一旦袖帶的壓力被放掉，血液流入小臂，疼痛就會在一兩秒中後消失。
22. This suggeststhat as long as blood was withheld from the stimulated area, the chemicalmediator of pain continued to arouse the nerve endings, giving rise to blood was readmitted to the stimulated area, this allowed the metabolicbreakdown of the mediator to proceed and stimulation of nerve endings ceased.
22. 這個實驗說明，只要血液不能流到受刺激的部位，疼痛的化學介質就會持續激發神經末梢，引起痛感。當血液流到被刺激部位時，介質的代謝分解就開始從而使得神經末梢的刺激停止。
23. This finding isin accord with one of the basic laws governing the delicate balance of thebody. As soon as a hormone or other chemical made within the body has servedits purpose, it is immediately broken down.
23. 這一發現與守護身體微妙平衡的一個基本規律相吻合，那就是——當荷爾蒙或身體的其他化學物質開始起作用時，它就會立即分解。
24. Pain is man’suseful — and increasingly less mysterious — guardian.
24. 疼痛是人類最有用的守衛，它的神祕面紗正一點點地被揭開。
Wordsand Expressionstrigger ['trigə] vt.引發，引起，觸發n.板機
jerk[dʒə:k] n.性情古怪的人，急推，猛拉，肌肉抽搐vt.猛拉cinder ['sində] n.煤渣，灰燼proportional[prə'pɔ:ʃənl] adj.比例的，成比例的，相稱的，均衡的heredity [hi'rediti] n.遺傳
threshold ['θreʃhəuld] n.開始，開端，極限，門檻，閥值
deprive of v.剝奪
fatigue [fə'ti:g] n.疲乏，疲勞，累活vt.使疲勞vi.疲勞
investigator [in'vestɪgeɪtə(r)] n.調查人
caucasian [kɔ:'keiziən] n.高加索人，白種人 adj.高加索的，白種人的
substantiate [sʌbs'tænʃieit] vt.使實體化，證實
isolation [,aisəu'leiʃən] n.隔絕，孤立，隔離，絕緣，離析
bump [bʌmp] n.撞擊，腫塊 v.碰(傷)，撞(破)，顛簸
carry out v.完成，實現，貫徹，執行
visceral ['visərəl] adj.內臟的，影響內臟的
joint [dʒɔint] n.接縫，接合處，接合點，關節
spinal cord n.脊髓
hypnosis [hip'nəusis] n.催眠狀態，催眠
screen out v.篩選出
sensation [sen'seiʃən] n.感覺，感情，感動，聳人聽聞的'
unaware ['ʌnə'wεə] adj.不知道的，沒覺察到的
bitterly ['bɪtəlɪ] adv.苦苦地，悲痛的，厲害的
morphine ['mɔ:fi:n] n.嗎啡
calamity [kə'læmiti] n.災難，不幸事件
intensify [in'tensifai] vt.加強 vi.強化
neurologist [njuə'rɔlədʒist] n.神經學者，神經科專門醫師
implicate ['implikeit] vt.使牽連其中，含意，暗示n.包含的東西
chemical mediator化學介質
cuff ['kʌf] n.袖口，護腕，手銬，[醫]橡皮箍袖帶
inflated [in'fleitid] adj.膨脹的，誇張的，通貨膨脹的
deflate [di'fleit] vt.放氣，抽出空氣，使縮小vi.縮小
withhold [wið'həuld] vt.使停止，拒給，限制，阻擋vi.忍住
readmit [ri:əd'mɪt] vt.重新接納
metabolic [,metə'bɔlik] adj.代謝作用的，新陳代謝的
hormone ['hɔ:məun] n.荷爾蒙，激素
guardian ['ga:djən] n.護衛者，保護人，監護人adj.守護的
