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The development of the modern presidency in the United States began with Andrew Jacksonwho swept to power in 1829 at the head of the Democratic Party and served until 1837. Duringhis administration, he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. "The President isthe direct representative of the American people," he lectured the Senate when it opposedhim. "He was elected by the people, and is responsible to them." With this declaration, Jacksonredefined the character of the presidential office and its relationship to the people.
During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whigparty. Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by themarket, banks, and commerce. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflictbetween "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats. This"paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for theirown profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouraging speculationand the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. The Democrats wanted the rewards of the marketwithout sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. They wanted the wealth that themarket offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; thedominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.
Whigs, on the other hand, were more comfortable with the market. For them, commerce andeconomic development were agents of civilization. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict insociety between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on theother. Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income and expandingopportunity. The government's responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy thatguaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.
Whigs and Democrats differed not only in their attitudes toward the market but also about howactive the central government should be in people's lives. Despite Andrew Jackson's inclinationto be a strong President, Democrats as a rule believed in limited government. Government'srole in the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies' and specialprivileges. In keeping with this philosophy of limited government, Democrats also rejected theidea that moral beliefs were the proper sphere of government action. Religion and politics, theybelieved, should be kept clearly separate, and they generally opposed humanitarianlegislation.
The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should beused to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individualeffort was ineffective. By regulating the economy and competition, the government couldensure equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting thegeneral welfare went beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of theUnited States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfareof the country. They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid toeducation.
In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winningvotes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largestgroup in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively tothe rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among thebusiness and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to financetheir cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell theirsurpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmersisolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emergingindustrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open theeconomy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, andthose rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democratsdominated areas of semisubsistence farmingthat were more isolated and languishingeconomically.
Paragraph 1: The development of the modern presidency in the United States began withAndrew Jackson who swept to power in 1829 at the head of the Democratic Party and serveduntil 1837. During his administration, he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. "The President is the direct representative of the American people," he lectured the Senatewhen it opposed him. "He was elected by the people, and is responsible to them." With thisdeclaration, Jackson redefined the character of the presidential office and its relationship to thepeople.
1. The word immeasurably in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Frequently
○Greatly
○Rapidly
○Reportedly
2. According to paragraph 1, the presidency of Andrew Jackson was especially significant forwhich of the following reasons?
○The President granted a portion of his power to the Senate.
○The President began to address the Senate on a regular basis.
○It was the beginning of the modern presidency in the United States.
○It was the first time that the Senate had been known to oppose the President.
Paragraph 2: During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually come together toform the Whig party. Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changesbrought about by the market, banks, and commerce. The Democrats tended to view society asa continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedyaristocrats. This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated thebanking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue byencouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. The Democrats wantedthe rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. Theywanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; thecomplex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that camewith it.
3. The author mentions bankers and investors in the passage as an example of which of thefollowing?
○The Democratic Party's main source of support
○The people that Democrats claimed were unfairly becoming rich
○The people most interested in a return to a simple agrarian republic
○One of the groups in favor of Andrew Jackson's presidency
Paragraph 3: Whigs, on the other hand, were more comfortable with the market. For them,commerce and economic development were agents of civilization. Nor did the Whigs envisionany conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople andbankers on the other. Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income andexpanding opportunity. The government's responsibility was to provide a well-regulatedeconomy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.
4. According to paragraph 3, Whigs believed that commerce and economic development wouldhave which of the following effects on society?
○They would promote the advancement of society as a whole.
○They would cause disagreements between Whigs and Democrats
○They would supply new positions for Whig Party members.
○They would prevent conflict between farmers and workers.
5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following describes the Whig Party's view of the roleof government?
○To regulate the continuing conflict between farmers and businesspeople
○To restrict the changes brought about by the market
○To maintain an economy that allowed all capable citizens to benefit
○To reduce the emphasis on economic development
Paragraph 4: Whigs and Democrats differed not only in their attitudes toward the market butalso about how active the central government should be in people's lives. Despite AndrewJackson's inclination to be a strong President, Democrats as a rule believed in limitedgovernment. Government's role in the economy was to promote competition by destroyingmonopolies' and special privileges. In keeping with this philosophy of limited government,Democrats also rejected the idea that moral beliefs were the proper sphere of governmentaction. Religion and politics, they believed, should be kept clearly separate, and they generallyopposed humanitarian legislation.
6. The word inclination in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Argument
○Tendency
○Example
○Warning
7. According to paragraph 4, a Democrat would be most likely to support government action inwhich of the following areas?
○Creating a state religion
○Supporting humanitarian legislation
○Destroying monopolies
○Recommending particular moral beliefs
Paragraph 5: The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that itshould be used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special rolewhere individual effort was ineffective. By regulating the economy and competition, thegovernment could ensure equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the concept of governmentpromoting the general welfare went beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northernsections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to fosterthe moral welfare of the country. They were much more likely to favor social-reformlegislation and aid to education.
8. The word concept in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Power
○Reality
○Difficulty
○Idea
9. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about variations in political beliefswithin the Whig Party?
○They were focused on issues of public liberty.
○They caused some members to leave the Whig party.
○They were unimportant to most Whigs.
○They reflected regional interests.
Paragraph 6: In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To becompetitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant supportamong farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an electionby appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyeddisproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed toplanters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, tofarmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improvethemselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it,workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wantedto break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs werestrongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the marketeconomy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were moreisolated and languishing economically.
10. According to paragraph 6, the Democrats were supported by all of the following groupsEXCEPT
○workers unhappy with the new industrial system
○planters involved in international trade
○rising entrepreneurs
○individuals seeking to open the economy to newcomers
11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy becauseDemocrats dominated in other areas.
○Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas,respectively.
○The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated bythe Whigs' control of the market economy.
○The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in thoseareas where the market was already fully operating.
Paragraph 2: During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually come together toform the Whig party. █Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changesbrought about by the market, banks, and commerce. █The Democrats tended to view societyas a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set ofgreedy aristocrats. █This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulatedthe banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue byencouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. █The Democrats wantedthe rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. Theywanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; thecomplex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that camewith it.
12. Look at the four squares II that indicate where the following sentence can be added to thepassage.
This new party argued against the policies of Jackson and his party in a number of importantareas, beginning with the economy.
Where would the sentence best fit?
13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided lete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary becausethey express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the question is worth 2 points.
The political system of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century was strongly influencedby the social and economic circumstances of the time.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. The Democratic and Whig Parties developed in response to the needs of competingeconomic and political constituencies.
2. During Andrew Jackson's two terms as President, he served as leader of both the Democraticand Whig Parties.
3. The Democratic Party primarily represented the interests of the market, banks, andcommerce.
4. In contrast to the Democrats, the Whigs favored government aid for education.
5. A fundamental difference between Whigs and Democrats involved the importance of themarket in society.
6. The role of government in the lives of the people was an important political distinctionbetween the two parties.
參考答案：
1. ○2
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is immeasurably. It is highlighted in thepassage. Iiznzeasurab2y means "in a manner too big to be measured." So if Jackson enlargedthe president's powers so much that the results can't be measured, he enlarged them"greatly."
2. ○3
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 1. The correct answer is choice 3 because the first sentence of the paragraphexplicitly states that this was when the development of the modern presidency began. Theremainder of the paragraph is devoted to explaining the significant changes in governmentthat this development involved. The result, as stated in sentence 5, was that the nature of thepresidency itself was redefined. Choice 1 is contradicted by the paragraph; Jackson didn't givepresidential power away, he increased it. Choice 2 is not mentioned in the paragraph: it saysJackson addressed the Senate, but not that this was the beginning of regular ce 4, which says that this was the first time the Senate opposed the President, is notstated in the passage.
3. ○2
This is a Rhetorical Purpose question. It is asking you why the author mentions "bankers andinvestors" in the passage. The phrase being tested is highlighted in the passage. The correctanswer is choice 2. The author is using bankers and investors as examples of people that theDemocrats claimed were "manipulating" the banking system for their own profit. That meansthat they were unfairly becoming rich. Choices 1, 3, and 4 are all incorrect because, based uponthe passage, they seem unlikely to be true. Therefore, the author would not use them asexamples.
4. ○1
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 3. Choice 1 is the correct answer. The paragraph says that Whigs believedcommerce and economic development "would benefit everyone." That means essentially thesame thing as choice 1, which says that Whigs believed economic growth would "promote theadvancement of society as a whole." "Society as a whole" is another way of saying "everyone."Choices 2 and 3 are not mentioned in the paragraph. Choice 4, about conflict between groups,is mentioned but in a different context, so it is not a belief held by Whigs.
5. ○3
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 3. The correct answer is choice 3: the Whigs viewed government as responsible formaintaining an economy that allowed all capable citizens to benefit. This is a restatement ofparagraph 3, sentence 5. The paragraph states that Whigs did not envision continuing conflictbetween farmers and business people, so choice 1 is wrong. Whigs favored changes broughtabout b) the market, so choice 2 is wrong. Whigs were in favor of increased emphasis oneconomic development, so choice 4 is incorrect.
6. ○2
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is inclination. It is highlighted in thepassage. The fact that Jackson had an inclination to be a strong President means that hepreferred being strong to having limited powers. In other words, his "tendency" was to favora strong presidency, so choice 2 is the correct answer.
7. ○3
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 4. The correct answer is choice 3, which is explicitly stated in sentence 3 of theparagraph. Sentences 4 and 5 explicitly refute the other choices.
8. ○4
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is concept. It is highlighted in thepassage. The passage says that "for Whigs the concept of government was . . ." In otherwords, "the way Whigs thought about government was." That process of thinking representsideas, so choice 4 is the correct answer here.
9. ○4
This is an Inference question asking for an inference that can be supported by paragraph 5. Thecorrect answer is choice 4: variations in Whigs' political beliefs reflected regional differences. Thisis supported by sentence 5 of the paragraph which says that certain beliefs "particularly"reflected the views of northern Whigs. That suggests that Whigs in other regions of thecountry had beliefs that varied from this view and implies that such differences were other three choices are not mentioned in the passage in connection with "variations" inWhig beliefs, so there is no basis for inferring any of them.
10. ○ 2
This is a Negative Factual Information question asking for specific information that can befound in paragraph 6. Choice 2 is the correct answer. Sentence 5 says that it was Whigs, notDemocrats, who had the support of planters involved in international trade. The next sentence,sentence 6, says that in contrast, Democrats had the support of the groups mentioned inchoices 1, 3, and 4 ("workers," "entrepreneurs," and certain other "individuals"). Therefore, allof the groups described in the answer choices, EXCEPT the planters of choice 2, did support theDemocrats.
11. ○ 4
This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a single sentence in thepassage is highlighted:
The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integratedinto the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming thatwere more isolated and languishing economically. The correct answer is choice 4. Choice"contains all of the essential information in the tested sentence but the order in which it ispresented is reversed. The highlighted sentence describes areas of Whig strength first, andthen the areas where Democrats were strong. The correct answer, choice 4, describesDemocrat strongholds first, and then Whig areas. No meaning has been changed, and noinformation has been left out. Choice 1 is incorrect because it states that Whigs were able toattract support only in the wealthiest areas. The highlighted sentence does not say that; it saystheir support came from places integrated into the market, which can include areas of alleconomic levels.
Choice 2 is incorrect because it says that the two parties were split between rural and urbanareas. However, the highlighted sentence says that Whigs were strong in rural areas that wereintegrated into the market economy. In other words, the split between the parties was basedon the degree to which an area was integrated into the market, not whether it was urban orrural. Choice 3 is incorrect because the highlighted sentence makes no mention of how (or if)the Whigs' control of the market economy affected the areas dominated by the Democrats.
12. ○ 1
This is an Insert Text question. You can see the four black squares in paragraph 2 thatrepresent the possible answer choices here.
During Jackson's second term, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whigparty. ■ Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about bythe market, banks, and commerce. ■ The Democrats tended to view society as a continuingconflict between "the people “farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats. ■This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking systemfor their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouragingspeculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth. ■The Democrats wanted the rewardsof the market without sacrificing the features of a simple agrarian republic. They wanted thewealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complexdealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.
The sentence provided, "This new party argued against the policies of Jackson and his party in anumber of important areas, beginning with the economy," is best inserted at square 1. Square1 is correct because the phrase "This new party" refers directly and only to the Whigs, who arefirst mentioned (as a recently formed party) in sentence 1 of this paragraph. Square 2 isincorrect because the sentence before is not limited to the new Whig party. It discusses bothWhigs and Democrats. Squares 3 and 4 are both incorrect because the sentences precedingthem refer to the Democrats (the old party), not the Whigs.
13. ○1 5 6
This is a Prose Summary question. It is completed correctly below. The correct choices are 1, 5,and 6. Choices 2, 3, and 4 are therefore incorrect.
