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Does Exercise Have Unexpected Benefits?運動有奇效嗎?
as exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, bones and muscles, it may also power up the brain. A succession of scientific studies of animals suggests that physical activity has a positive effect on mental ftinctioning.
翻譯：正如運動能強心、健肺、固骨、壯肌，運動也能健腦。對動物的一系 列科學研宄表明，體育活動對智力的發揮有積極作用。
2.“It，s clear that the brain benefits from exercise，" says brain scientist William Greenough of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity: vigorous physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel, and skill-based exercise increases the formation of connections in the brain, which, according to the proposals of some scientists，may make the brain better able to process information.
翻譯：伊利諾伊大學香檳分校的腦科學家威廉•格里諾說，“很明顯，運動使 大腦受益。”他對老鼠的研究已經表明運動具有兩大功效：運動量大的體育運 動給大腦提供更多的動力，而技巧性的運動則增強大腦神經的聯結。依照某 些科學家的見解，這種聯結能使大腦更好地處理信息。
one experiment, laboratory rats were separated into three groups. One group was exercised by running inside an automatic wheel, a second group improved their skills in a complicated obstacle course，and a third group was inactive.
翻譯：在一個賣驗中，實驗鼠被分成三組：第一組在自動輪中跑動，第二組 通過一種複雜的越障訓練來提高技能，第三組則不做任何運動。
4.“The animals that learned to go through the obstacle course exhibited a greater number of brain connections than the animals in the exercised or inactive groups，Greenough said，“In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possessed a greater density of blood vessels in the brain than did either of the other two groups of animals.”
翻譯：“與跑動的和不運動的老鼠相比，經過越障訓練的老鼠腦神經聯結數 更多。”格里諾說，“相比之下，在自動輪中跑動的老鼠，較之其他兩組的老 鼠，其大腦的血管密度更大。”
ning a new dance step may boost the brain in the same way that learning a language can，he says. And if the dance is a good physical exercise as well, the benefits multiply. Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise, suggested another of Greenough5s experiments that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred among rats that had been exercised when very young. And while animals aren’t people, he says it is logical to make the inference that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans.
翻譯：他說，學習一種新的舞步和學習一種語言一樣，都能促進大腦發展。如 果這種舞蹈還是一種良好的體育運動，則益處加倍。據格里諾的另一組實驗 顯示，年輕的大腦尤其能夠通過運動來增強能力。這組實驗表明，從小就鍛 煉的老鼠，其大腦的變化最爲顯著。他說盡管動物不是人，但依此推斷在老 鼠身上發現的功效同樣適用於人也合乎邏輯。
n studies have focused primarily on older adults and suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed with which the brain processes information. Measurements made by Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois demonstrate that inactive adults，aged 63 to 82, could hit buttons fester in response to a tone after they went through a 10-week water exercise course. A corresponding control group that didn’t exercise showed no improvement.
翻譯：對人類的研宄主要集中在老年人身上，其結果表明，經常鍛鍊能提高 大腦處理信息的速度。伊利諾伊大學阿瑟•克雷默測量的結果證明，63至82 歲的不運動的成年人，在完成爲期十週的水上運動課程之後，聽音擊鍵的反 應加快了。而另一組相應的、未經鍛鍊的受控人羣則不見任何提高。
boost in reaction time after exercise training may occur because declines associated with getting old could actually stem from declines in physical condition. Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be 汪 penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in ackiition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet.
翻譯：接受運動訓練之後，人的反應速度會加快，這可能是因爲與衰老有關 的機能衰退實際上根源於體質下降。一些科學家推測，除了藥物作用和飲食 不當等相關因素外，常常被歸咎於衰老而導致的大腦功能下降實際可能是對 不注意保持體育運動的'一種懲罰。
8.“In older people, an exercise program appears important for brain maintenance，” says Daniel M. Landers, professor of exercise science at Arizona State University, who recently published an article reviewing the scientific literature on activity’s effect on the brain.
翻譯：亞利桑那州立大學的運動學教授丹尼爾• 蘭德斯說，“對老年人來 說，鍛鍊計劃對維持大腦功能顯得非常重要。”他最近發表了一篇文章，回顧 並評述了有關運動對大腦的影響的科學文獻。
rous studies show that children who engage in regular physical activity do better in school than their inactive classmates. But until recently, the academic edge gained by participating in sports was thought to come from the increased self-confidence, the better mood and the ability to concentrate that comes from burning off steam in exercise. Now, however, some scientists have revised their way of thinking, and point to possible physical connections.
翻譯：許多研究表明，經常進行體育鍛煉的孩子，在學業上比他們那些不活 動的同學優秀。但直到最近，人們還認爲因參加體育運動而獲得的學業優勢 來自於增強的自信、更好的心態，以及由運動時消耗體力所帶來的集中注意 力的能力。而現在，一些科學家修正了他們的看法，表示這可能與體育運動 促進神經聯結有關。
ce J. Howard, another expert, says new research indicates that physical exercise increases the amount of certain brain chemicals that stimulate growth of nerve cells. Consequently, the brains of people who exercise may be better equ^ped to tackle mental challenges.
翻譯：另一名專家皮爾斯•J*霍華德說，新的研宄表明，體育鍛煉提高了 大腦中某些激發神經細胞生長的腦化學物質的含量。因此，那些進行鍛鍊的 人的大腦可能更有能力應付各種智力挑戰。
tivity may also have negative effects on mind and body alike. “Scientists recognize that mind is body，and body is mind，comments Howard. The most beneficial forms of exercise, he says, engage both.
翻譯：不活動對大腦和身體都可能有負面影響。“科學家們都認識到，心即 是身，身即是心，”霍華德評價道。他說，最有益的運動是身心兼顧.面都領先於芝加哥分校。同時兩個校區各自科研實力也均在全美TOP50之列，均爲美國一級國家級大學。
