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Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (50 points)
Translate the following passage into Chinese.
Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.
Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region. “The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”
Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall. First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert. While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.
“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology. “In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,” the colonel said. Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.
After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall. So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer. There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.
“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.” “The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added. Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boetsch said.
The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.
Section 2: Chinese-English Translation (50 points)
Translate the following passage into English.
健康是促進人的全面發展的必然要求。提高人民健康水平，實現病有所醫的理想，是人類社會的共同追求。在中國這個有着13億多人口的發展中大國，醫療衛生關係億萬人民健康，是一個重大民生問題。
中國高度重視保護和增進人民健康。憲法規定，國家發展醫療衛生事業，發展現代醫藥和傳統醫藥，保護人民健康。
多年來，中國堅持“以農村爲重點，預防爲主，中西醫並重，依靠科技與教育，動員全社會參與，爲人民健康服務，爲社會主義現代化建設服務”的衛生工作方針，努力發展具有中國特色的`醫療衛生事業。
經過不懈努力，覆蓋城鄉的醫療衛生服務體系基本形成，疾病防治能力不斷增強，醫療保障覆蓋人口逐步擴大，衛生科技水平日益提高，居民健康水平明顯改善。
隨着中國工業化、城市化進程和人口老齡化趨勢的加快，居民健康面臨着傳染病和慢性病的雙重威脅，公衆對醫療衛生服務的需求日益提高。與此同時，中國衛生資源特別是優質資源短缺、分佈不均衡的矛盾依然存在，醫療衛生事業改革與發展的任務十分艱鉅。
